wigs.
Apparently the difference in these three trees was related to the size
of the crop on the trees, although no definite data are available on
this point. Walnuts showing little or no injury were: Mintle and
Tasterite. Neither of these had had a crop in 1947.

Many of the varieties of hickory were injured as was the native
bitternut, _Carya cordiformis_. This injury consisted mostly of the
killing back of the lower limbs and twigs with some varieties being
killed outright. Killing of the lower limbs as compared with the tops of
the trees is probably related to lower temperatures near the ground due
to temperature inversion and possibly to the fact that the lower
branches were somewhat weaker in their growth. This sort of injury is
common with fruit trees.

On the higher ground the Chinese chestnut trees planted some 20 years
ago showed considerable injury. About 50% of them were killed and others
were damaged in the lower branches. Chestnut trees in this planting had
all survived the cold winter of 1933-34, with winter temperatures below
-30 deg.F., so that it is probable that the early freeze of September 27 was
responsible for their death.

Japanese walnut seedlings again showed great difference in hardiness,
the more tender seedlings killing to the ground and others showing
little damage.

Northern pecans on higher ground showed severe damage, the killing
extending to the trunk and larger limbs. The variety Burlington, which
is a hybrid, pecan x shagbark, showed little injury.

In a planting of several hundred seedling black walnut trees in another
location the temperature on September 27 was probably around 18-20 deg.F.
About 20% of the trees were killed to the ground. These trees were
growing under a sod mulch, were not overly vigorous, and for the most
part had not come into fruiting.

In the 1947-48 winter about half of the sweet cherries in the Pomology
orchard were killed and peaches were severely injured. No injury was
apparent on apple trees.

Weather conditions such as occurred in 1947-48, though unusual, are to
be expected occasionally in the latitude of Ithaca, and in fact
throughout the northern states. Apparently the fall freeze was
widespread as it was almost impossible to obtain any black walnuts that
were of any value. Some of the specimens received from other sources
obviously had been frozen. The possibility of such damage might well be
a deterrent on planting black walnuts in any consid