ds of that colony were in competition with the Maryland lands,
offered between 1717 and 1738 at forty shillings sterling per hundred
acres, which in 1738 was raised to five pounds sterling.[101:6] At the
same time, in the Virginia Valley, as will be recalled, free grants were
being made of a thousand acres per family. Although large tracts of the
Shenandoah Valley had been granted to speculators like Beverley,
Borden, and the Carters, as well as to Lord Fairfax, the owners sold
six or seven pounds cheaper per hundred acres than did the Pennsylvania
land office.[102:1] Between 1726 and 1734, therefore, the Germans began
to enter this valley,[102:2] and before long they extended their
settlements into the Piedmont of the Carolinas,[102:3] being recruited
in South Carolina by emigrants coming by way of Charleston--especially
after Governor Glenn's purchase from the Cherokee in 1755, of the
extreme western portion of the colony. Between 1750 and the Revolution,
these settlers in the Carolinas greatly increased in numbers.

Thus a zone of almost continuous German settlements had been
established, running from the head of the Mohawk in New York to the
Savannah in Georgia. They had found the best soils, and they knew how to
till them intensively and thriftily, as attested by their large,
well-filled barns, good stock, and big canvas-covered Conestoga wagons.
They preferred to dwell in groups, often of the same religious
denomination--Lutherans, Reformed, Moravians, Mennonites, and many
lesser sects. The diaries of Moravian missionaries from Pennsylvania,
who visited them, show how the parent congregations kept in touch with
their colonies[102:4] and how intimate, in general, was the bond of
connection between this whole German frontier zone and that of
Pennsylvania.

Side by side with this German occupation of Valley and Piedmont, went
the migration of the Scotch-Irish.[103:1] These lowland Scots had been
planted in Ulster early in the seventeenth century. Followers of John
Knox, they had the contentious individualism and revolutionary temper
that seem natural to Scotch Presbyterianism. They were brought up on the
Old Testament, and in the doctrine of government by covenant or compact.
In Ireland their fighting qualities had been revealed in the siege of
Londonderry, where their stubborn resistance balked the hopes of James
II. However, religious and political disabilities were imposed upon
these Ulstermen, which made them di