is perhaps
best to rinse the goods before entering into the chlorine bath. The
hypochlorous acid disappears so completely from this bath that it may
at once be used as the dye-bath, for which purpose it is only necessary
to lift the goods, add the required amount of dye-stuff, re-enter the
goods and work until the bath is exhausted, which generally happens when
acid dyes are used. If a separate dye-bath be preferred, this is (p. 039)
made and used as is ordinarily done.

To perform all the operations in one bath the acid bath is made with
from 3 to 4 lb. sulphuric acid, and the wool is treated therein for
thirty minutes at 170 deg. F., until all the acid has been absorbed. Then
the bath is allowed to cool down to 70 deg. or 80 deg. F., the clear
bleaching powder solution is added, the goods are re-entered, and the
bath is heated to the boil. When all the chlorine has disappeared add the
dye-stuff, and dye as directed above.

In printing on wool the chlorination of the wool is a most important
preliminary operation. For this purpose the cloth is passed for
fifteen minutes at 170 deg. F. through a bath containing 3/4 oz. sulphuric
acid per gallon of water. Then it is passed through a cold bath of 3/4
oz. bleaching powder per gallon of water, after which the cloth is
rinsed and dried and is then ready for printing.

Another method of chloring the wool is to pass the goods through a
bath made with 100 gallons of water, 2 gallons hydrochloric acid and 2
gallons bleaching powder solution of 16 deg. Tw. As some chlorine is given
off it is best to use this in a well-ventilated place.

CHAPTER III. (p. 040)

DYEING MACHINERY AND DYEING MANIPULATIONS.

Wool is dyed in a variety of forms, raw, loose wool; partly
manufactured fibre in the form of slubbing or sliver; spun fibres or
yarns, in hanks or skeins and in warps, and lastly in the form of
woven pieces. These different forms necessitate the employment of
different forms of machinery and different modes of handling, it is
evident to the least unobservant that it would be quite impossible to
subject slubbing or sliver to the same treatment as yarn or cloth,
otherwise the slubbing would be destroyed and rendered valueless.

In the early days all dyeing was done by hand in the simplest possible
contrivances, but during the last quarter of a century there has been
a great development in the quantity of dyeing t