he paid "chevage" yearly.
Woodpenny was a yearly payment for gathering dead wood. Sometimes
a "tallage" payment was taken at the lord's will. The villein's
oldest son usually took his place on his land and followed the
same customs with respect to the lord. For an heir to take his
dead ancestor's land, the lord demanded payment of a "relief",
which was usually the amount of a year's income but sometimes as
much as the heir was willing to pay to have the land. The usual
aids were also expected to be paid.

A large village also had a smith, a wheelwright, a millwright, a
tiler and thatcher, a shoemaker and tanner, a carpenter wainwright
and carter.

Markets were about twenty miles apart because a farmer from the
outlying area could then carry his produce to the nearest town and
walk back again in the daylight hours of one day. In this local
market he could buy foodstuffs, livestock, household goods, fuels,
skins, and certain varieties of cloth.

The cloth was crafted by local weavers, dyers, and fullers. The
weaver lived in a cottage with few and narrow windows with little
furniture. He worked in the main, and sometimes the only, room.
First the raw wool was washed with water at the front door to
remove the grease. Then its fibers were disentangled and made fine
with hand cards with thistle teeth, usually by the children. Then
it was spun by a spinning wheel into thread, usually by the wife.
On a double frame loom, a set of parallel threads was strung
lengthwise. A device worked by a pedal lifted half of these threads
--every other thread--while the other half remained in place.
Between the lifted threads and the stationary threads a shuttle was
thrown by the weaver from one hand to another. Then the threads
which had remained stationary were raised by a second pedal and the
shuttle thrown back. The shuttle carried a spool so that, as it
moved, it left a thread behind it running crosswise or at right
angles to the lengthwise threads and in and out between them. The
lengthwise threads were called the "warp"; the shuttle thread was
the "woof" or the "weft".

In making cloth, it was the warp which, as the loom moved, took the
worst beating. With the constant raising and lowering, these treads
would wear and break, whereas the weft on which there was little
strain remained intact. None of the cotton yarn which the
old-fashioned wheels had spun was strong enough for warp. So it was
necessary to use linen thread for the