nry's council included all his tenants-in-chief, which included
archbishops, bishops, abbots, priors, earls, barons, knights and
socage tenants of the crown, whether they made payments directly
to him or through a sheriff. The higher ones were served with a
writ addressed to them personally. Knights and below were summoned
by a general writ to the sheriff.

Henry brought order and unity by making the King's Royal Court the
common court of the land. Its purpose was to guard the King's
peace by protecting all people of free status throughout the
nation and correct the disparity in punishments given by local
courts. Heretofore, the scope of the King's peace had varied to
cover as little as the King's presence, his land, and his highway.
The royal demesne had shrunk to about 5% of the land. The Common
Law for all the nation was established by example of the King's
Royal Court. Henry erected a basic, rational framework for legal
processes which drew from tradition but lent itself to continuous
expansion and adaptation.

A system of writs originated well-defined actions in the royal
courts. Each court writ had to satisfy specific conditions for
this court to have jurisdiction over an action or event. This
system determined the Royal Court's jurisdiction over the church,
lords, and sheriffs. It limited the jurisdiction of all other
courts and subordinated them to the Royal Court. Inquests into any
misdeeds of sheriffs were held, which could result in their
dismissal.

Henry and Eleanor spoke many languages and liked discussing law,
philosophy, and history. So they gathered wise and learned men
about them, who became known as courtiers, rather than people of
social rank. They lived in the great and strong Tower of London,
which had been extended beyond the original White Tower, as had
other castles, so that the whole castle and grounds were defended
instead of just the main building. The Tower of London was in the
custody of one of the two justiciars. On the west were two
strongly fortified castles surrounded by a high and deeply
entrenched wall, which had seven double gates. Towers were spaced
along the north wall and the Thames River flowed below the south
wall. To the west was the city, where royal friends had residences
with adjoining gardens near the royal palace at Westminster. The
court was a center of culture as well as of government. The game
of backgammon was played. People wore belts with buckles, usually
brass