he United States. Unfederated societies
exist in Palestine, Morocco, Servia, Sweden, Denmark, Greece, China,
Brazil, Australia, and New Zealand.[14] In short, the atlas is
practically exhausted. With a representation proportional to the
number of shekel-payers, a Congress convenes bi-annually in a central
European city (usually Basel), resolves, and prosecutes all work
incumbent upon the furtherance of Zionist purpose. The executive
power, although formerly invested in a president, is now exercised,
since the death of Herzl (1904) and the resignation of Wolffsohn, by a
commission of five, acting as the head of a committee of twenty-five,
who constitute a permanent body meeting at intervals between the
sessions of Congress.[15] The Congress itself is divided into
party-groups, based on policy, and representative of the different
theoretic elements that guide the movement.

The original Government party, which stood shoulder to Herzl in his
brilliant but unsuccessful diplomatic schemes to secure a charter from
the Sultan, upon the overthrow of the autocracy in Turkey (1908), has
abandoned purely political Zionism, for the expedient reason that the
Young Turk government has naturally been reticent in the granting of
broad concessions. Political Zionism, of which Max Nordau and David
Wolffsohn[F] are the leading protagonists, has through the accidents
of Turkish politics been rendered ineffective; and the actual work of
Zionism rests now upon the policies of the Opportunist wing, although
the creation of a State, autonomous in as great a degree as possible,
is the cardinal aim of the Zionists, and must be, in order to
distinguish the movement from a large-scale philanthropy.[16]

_Parties in Zionism_

The Opportunists were divided into two groups--the followers of
Zangwill who urged immediate colonization anywhere, and the Ziyyone
Zionists (Zionists toward Zion) who favored immediate settlement in
Palestine. The first party broke from the Zionist movement at the
Seventh Congress, instituted the Jewish Territorial Organization
(ITO), and have vainly devoted their energies toward securing lands in
North, East, and West Africa, Mesapotamia, and Australia.[17] The
Ziyyone Zionists, however, possess the controlling vote, and in the
last Congress (1913) annulled the Basel program, temporarily at least,
by securing from the Congress a recognition of the work of settlement
in Palestine as the primary task.[18]

Socialistic Z