of the string to the nail. Set the pail on
the floor. Pass the string through the handle of the pail and
up over the spool (Fig. 33). Pull down on the loose end of the
string. Is the pail easier to lift in this way or in the
way you first tried? As you pull down with your hand, notice
whether your hand moves farther than the pail, not so far
as the pail, or the same distance. Is the greater amount
of motion in your hand or in the pail? Then where would you
expect the greater amount of force?

[Illustration: FIG. 31. When the handle is turned the blades of the egg
beater move much more rapidly than the hand. Will they pinch hard enough
to hurt?]

The whole idea of the lever can be summed up like this: one end of the
contrivance _moves_ more than the other. But energy cannot be lost; so
to make up for this extra _motion_ at one end more _force_ is always
exerted at the other.

This rule is true for all kinds of levers, blocks and tackles or
pulley systems, automobile and bicycle gears, belt systems, cog
systems, derricks, crowbars, and every kind of machine. In most
machines you either put in more force than you get out and gain
motion, or you put in more motion than you get out and gain force. In
the following examples of the lever see if you can tell whether you
are applying more force and obtaining more motion, or whether you are
putting in more motion and obtaining more force:

Cracking nuts with a nut cracker.

Beating eggs with a Dover egg beater.

Going up a hill in an automobile on low gear.

Speeding on high gear.

Cutting cloth with the points of shears.

Cutting near the angle of the shears.

Turning a door knob.

Picking up sugar with sugar tongs.

Pinching your finger in the crack of a door on the hinge side.

[Illustration: FIG. 32. His hand goes down as far as the pail goes
up.]

_APPLICATION 16._ Suppose you wanted to lift a heavy frying
pan off the stove. You have a cloth to keep it from burning
your hand. Would it be easier to lift it by the end of the
handle or by the part of the handle nearest the pan?

_APPLICATION 17._ A boy was going to wheel his little sister
in a wheelbarrow. She wanted to sit in the middle of the
wheelbarrow; her brother thought she should sit as near the
handles as possible so that she would be nearer his hands.
Another boy thought she should sit as near the wheel as
possible. Who was r