her
study may, and probably will, modify my opinion concerning this matter.
It is of prime importance to analyze ideational behavior so that it may
be accurately described and satisfactorily defined in terms of its
distinguishing characteristics. I had hoped to be able to present a
tentative analysis in this report, but the results of my efforts are so
unsatisfactory that I do not feel justified in publishing them.

The terms idea and ideation have been used to designate contents of
consciousness which are primarily representative. Nowhere have I
attempted to indicate different types or grades of ideational behavior
and nowhere have I found it necessary to emphasize differences between
image and idea. In general, the acts which I have called ideational have
been highly adaptive, and the learning processes in connection with
which they have appeared have differed strikingly from those of the
selective sort in their abruptness of appearance.

Extremely interesting and valuable definitions of ideation and
discussions of the characteristics of different sorts of ideas in the
light of original observations on monkeys have been presented by
Thorndike (1901, pp. 1, 2; 1911, p. 174); Kinnaman (1902, p. 200); and
Hobhouse (1915, p. 270). As these authors have contributed importantly
to our knowledge of the behavior of monkeys, their discussions of the
meaning of terms are especially valuable. Serviceable definitions are to
be found, also, in Romanes (1900), Morgan (1906), Washburn (1908), and
Holmes (1911).

_Evidences of Ideation in Monkeys_

Aside from anecdotal and traveller's notes on the behavior of monkeys
and apes we have only a scanty literature. In fact, the really excellent
articles on the behavior and mental life of these animals may be counted
on one's fingers; and not more than half of these are experimental
studies. I shall, in this brief historical sketch, neglect entirely the
anecdotal literature, since my own work is primarily experimental, and
since its results should naturally be compared with those of other
experimenters.

Thorndike (1901), the American pioneer in the application of the
experimental method to the study of mind in animals, published the first
notable paper on the psychology of monkeys. His results force the
conclusion that "free ideas" seldom appear in the monkey mind and have a
relatively small part in behavior. That the species of Cebus which he
observed exhibits various forms of ide