ned, is rather in the nature of casual testing than thoroughgoing,
systematic, and analytic study.

In addition to the above reports, there are a few concerning the
behavior of apes which have been especially trained for purposes of
exhibition. Most interesting of these is that of Witmer (1909), who
studied in exhibitions and in his own laboratory the behavior of the
chimpanzee Peter. The varied forms of intelligently adaptive behavior
exhibited by this ape convinced Witmer of ideational experience and even
of an approach to reasoning. In his brief report he expresses especial
interest in the possibility of educating this "genius among apes" to the
use of language.

A chimpanzee named Consul was observed several years ago by Hirschlaff
(1905), and his tricks were interestingly described from the pedagogical
standpoint.

Similar in character is Shepherd's (1915) brief description of the stage
behavior of Peter and Consul, both chimpanzees. It is impossible to
determine from the account whether these animals are the same as were
observed by both Witmer and Hirschlaff. As no reference is made in
Shepherd's paper to other descriptions of the behavior of these animals
and as he adds nothing to what had already been presented, the reader
obtains no additional light on ideation.

I have mentioned only samples of the articles on trained anthropoids.
All are necessarily descriptions of the behavior of individuals who had
been trained not for psychological purposes but for the vaudeville
stage, and although such observations unquestionably have certain value
for comparative psychology, it is well known that unless an observer
knows the history of an act, he is not able to evaluate it in terms of
intelligence and is especially prone to overestimate its value as
evidence of ideation.

There remain studies of the apes, dealing primarily with behavior and
mental characteristics, which are slightly if at all experimental and
deserve to be ranked as naturalistic accounts. Such is, for example, the
book of Sokolowski (1908), in which attention is given to the
characteristics of young as well as fairly mature specimens of the
gorilla, chimpanzee and orang utan.

The various publications of Garner (1892, 1896, 1900) deal especially
with the language habits of monkeys and apes, but observations bearing
on ideation are reported.

Wallace (1869) describes certain features of the behavior of an infant
orang utan whose mother he shot