t he was an
independent observer and a practical surgeon of the first rank. He had a
sharp wit and employed a bitter tongue against the medical abuses of his
day. How the Hippocratic humors dominated practice at this time you may
see at a glance from the table prepared by Nicaise from the works of de
Mondeville. We have here the whole pathology of the period.

===============================================================

TABLEAU DES HUMEURS
D'APRES H. DE MONDEVILLE
Flegme naturel.
F. aqueux.
Flegme F. mucilagineux.
F. vitreux.
Flegme non naturel F sale.
F. doux.
F. pontique, 2 especes.
F. acide, 2 especes.
Bile naturelle.
Bile B. citrine.
B. vitelline
Bile non naturelle B. praline.
B. aerugineuse.
B. brulee, 3 especes.
Sang naturel.
non naturel, 5 especes.
Melancolie naturelle.
non naturelle, 5 especes.
===============================================================

A still greater name in the history of this school is Guy de Chauliac,
whose works have also been edited by Nicaise (Paris, 1890). His
"Surgery" was one of the most important text-books of the late Middle
Ages. There are many manuscripts of it, some fourteen editions in the
fifteenth century and thirty-eight in the sixteenth, and it continued to
be reprinted far into the seventeenth century. He too was dominated
by the surgery of the Arabs, and on nearly every page one reads of
the sages Avicenna, Albucasis or Rhazes. He lays down four conditions
necessary for the making of a surgeon--the first is that he must be
learned, the second, expert, the third that he should be clever, and the
fourth that he should be well disciplined.

You will find a very discerning sketch of the relation of these two men
to the history of surgery in the address given at the St. Louis Congress
in 1904 by Sir Clifford Allbutt.(20) They were strong men with practical
minds and good hands, whose experience taught them wisdom. In both there
was the blunt honesty that so often characterizes a good surgeon, and I
commend to modern surgeons de Mondeville's saying: "If you have operated
conscientiously on the rich for a proper fee, and on the poor for
charity, you need not play the monk, nor make pilgrimages for your
soul."

(20) Allbutt: Historical Relations of M