d.
International Harvester Corporation photo. (Catalog No. 91.)]

91. Grain Cradle, about 1844. USNM 198620; 1953. Caleb Paul Duval used
this cradle on his Glen Echo farm near Baltimore, Maryland. Gift of
Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.

92. Barrel Churn, about 1860. USNM 198620; 1953. A wooden barrel churn
with iron crank and paddles. Such churns were of too small volume to be
used on commercial dairy farms, and they were not at all useful in
creameries, which first appeared in 1861. Gift of Virginia Duval,
College Park, Maryland.

93. Cookie Roller, about 1860. USNM 198620; 1953. A wooden, grooved,
one-handled cookie roller, about 14-1/2 inches long and about 3-1/4
inches in diameter. The roller added an esthetic touch to home-made
cookies but was of little importance in the history of commercial food
processing. Gift of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.

94. Meat Grinder, 1859. USNM 198620; 1953. This iron, hand-cranked meat
grinder was patented August 2, 1859. Gift of Virginia Duval, College
Park, Maryland.

95. Butter Prints, about 1860. USNM 198620; 1953. Two butter prints. One
is circular, with a tri-lobed leaf design and about 3 inches in
diameter; the other is a box mold with two five-point star designs and
about 5 inches long, 2-1/2 inches wide, and 4 inches high. The butter
was pressed into these molds before being served, or, sometimes, before
being rolled in paper and sold in towns. This aspect of farm dairying
quickly disappeared after the creamery dominated the industry. Gift of
Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.

96. Shoe Last, possibly mid 19th century. USNM 196820; 1953. A small
last, to fit either foot, for a shoe about 8-3/4 inches long and 2-1/4
inches wide. Such implements were useful in frontier communities and
generally were owned by itinerant cobblers who went from house to house.
Gift of Virginia Duval, College Park, Maryland.

97. Model of Fanning Mill, 1857. USNM 198620; 1953. This is a working
model of a fanning mill invented by Joseph and James Montgomery and
covered by patents 10324, issued in 1853; 13062, issued in 1855; and
16447, issued in 1857. The crank handle and the slide, which governed
the flow into the hopper, are missing. James Montgomery took the model
on sales trips as a demonstrator. Gift of Ruth Montgomery, Peoria,
Illinois.

[Illustration: Figure 10.--McCormick reaper (1831) in use in the field.
Photo courtesy of International Harvester Corporat