firmed by
the fact that the two were paired in the first
_lectisternium_, 399 B.C. Livy v. 13.

[546] Wissowa, _R.K._ p. 254.

[547] See Diels, _Sib. Blaetter_, p. 12, note 1.

[548] Livy v. 13.

[549] I have discussed the possibility of the epulum
Iovis being an old Italian rite in _R.F._ p. 215 foll.
For the Greek origin of these shows see _Dict. of
Antiquities_, ed. 2, _s.v._ "lectisternia."

[550] Livy iii. 5. 14, and 7. 7.

[551] The plebeian tendencies of the time are suggested,
_e.g._, by the fact that immediately before the first
_lectisternium_ a plebeian was elected military tribune
(Livy v. 13). The fourth century is of course the period
of plebeian advance in all departments, and ends with
the opening of the priesthoods to the plebs by the lex
Ogulnia, and the publication of the Fasti. Plebeian too,
I suspect, was the keeping open house and promiscuous
hospitality which is recorded by Livy of the first
_lectisternia_; this was the practice of the plebs on
the Cerealia (April 19), and was perhaps an old custom
connected with the supply of corn and the temple of
Ceres (see above, p. 255). It was not imitated by the
patrician society, with its reserve and exclusiveness,
till the institution of the Megalesia in 204 B.C. See
Gellius xviii. 2. 11.

[552] The expression _crinibus demissis_ is found in a
lex regia (Festus, _s.v._ "pellices"); the harlot who
touches Juno's altar has to offer a lamb to Juno
"crinibus demissis." This is therefore Roman practice.

[553] For the _supplicationes_ see Wissowa, _R.K._ 357
foll.; Marq. 48 and 188; and the author's article in
_Dict. of Antiquities_. The passages already referred to
as doubtful evidence (Livy iii. 5. 14, 7. 7) describe
all the features of the _supplicatio_ as early as the
first half of the fifth century. A list of later
passages in Livy will be found in Marq. 49, note 4. On
the whole I doubt if much was made of these rites before
the third century and the Punic wars.

[554] Wissowa, _R.K._ 356, note 7.

[555] Caird, _Gifford Lectures_, vol. ii. p. 46.

LECTURE XII

THE PONTIFICES AND THE SECULARISATION OF RELIGION

In the last lecture we saw how the new experiences of the Roman people,
during the period from the abolition of the kingship to the war with
Hannibal, led to