method of the course was primarily historical, though certain essays
have been added of a more idealist type. It is hoped that the point of
view suggested, though prompted by current events, may be found to have
some permanent value. It could obviously be applied to many other
aspects of European life, e.g. morality and politics, to which
conditions of space have only permitted indirect reference to be made in
this volume.

F.S.M.

CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTORY: THE GROUNDS OF UNITY
By F. S. MARVIN.

II. UNITY IN PREHISTORIC TIMES
By J. L. MYRES, Wykeham Professor of Ancient History, Oxford.

III. THE CONTRIBUTION OF GREECE AND ROME
By J. A. SMITH, Waynflete Professor of Mental and Moral
Philosophy, Oxford.

IV. UNITY IN THE MIDDLE AGES
By ERNEST BARKER, Fellow of New College, Oxford.

V. UNITY AND DIVERSITY IN LAW
By W. M. GELDART, Vinerian Professor of English Law, Oxford.

VI. THE COMMON ELEMENTS IN EUROPEAN LITERATURE AND ART
By the Rev. Dr. A. J. CARLYLE, University College, Oxford.

VII. SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY AS UNIFYING FORCES
By L. T. HOBHOUSE, White Professor of Sociology,
University of London.

VIII. THE UNITY OF WESTERN EDUCATION
By J. W. HEADLAM, late Fellow of King's College, Cambridge.

IX. COMMERCE AND FINANCE AS INTERNATIONAL FORCES
By HARTLEY WITHERS.

X. INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRIAL LEGISLATION
By CONSTANCE SMITH, sometime British Delegate on International
Bureau for Industrial Legislation.

XI. COMMON IDEALS OF SOCIAL REFORM
By C. DELISLE BURNS.

XII. THE POLITICAL BASES OF A WORLD-STATE
By J. A. HOBSON.

XIII. RELIGION AS A UNIFYING INFLUENCE IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION
By H. G. WOOD, late Fellow of Jesus College,
Cambridge.

XIV. THE GROWTH OF HUMANITY
By F. S. MARVIN.

ANALYSIS

CHAPTER I. THE GROUNDS OF UNITY

The appeal to history. Previous great schisms in Europe which have been
surmounted give hope for the present. The Reformation. The Napoleonic
Wars.

The two points of view, (1) Man's nature itself tending to unity through
conflict. (2) The stages in the process developed in history.

In pre-history conflict and diversity are predominant, though the
necessities of life prescribe certain uniformities. Consolidation comes
in favoured physical conditions, especially great river-basins like the
Nile and the Euphrates.

The po