, Juana.

[Footnote 94: By Bergenroth in his prefaces to the
_Calendar of Spanish State Papers_. He greatly
exaggerates Ferdinand's influence.]

[Footnote 95: _Sp. Cal._, ii., 12, 21; _L. and P._,
i., 368.]

[Footnote 96: _Ibid._, ii., 153, 159. The following
pedigree may be useful for reference:--

Charles = Margaret
the Bold of York, "aunt to all the Pretenders"
|
|
Mary = Emperor Ferdinand = Isabella
Maximilian of Aragon | of Castile
| (_d._ 1519) |
| +---------------------+
| | |
Archduke = Juana Catherine
Philip | of
(_d._ 1506) | Aragon
|
+----------------------+
| |
Charles V., Emperor Ferdinand, Emperor
1519-1556 1556-1564]

* * * * *

Such was the situation with which Henry VIII. and his council were
required to deal. The young King entered the arena of Europe, a child
of generous impulse in a throng of hoary intriguers--Ferdinand,
Maximilian, Louis XII., Julius II.--each of whom was nearly three
times his age. He was shocked to see them leagued to spoil a petty
republic, a republic, too, which had been for ages the bulwark of
Christendom against the Turk and from time immemorial the ally of
England. Venice had played no small part in the revival of letters
which appealed so strongly to Henry's intellectual sympathies. Scholars
and physicians from Venice, or from equally threatened Italian
republics, frequented his Court and Cabinet. Venetian merchants
developed the commerce of London; Venetian galleys called twice a year
at Southampton on their way to and from Flanders, and their trade (p. 053)
was a source of profit to both nations. Inevitably Henry's sympathies
went out to the sore-pressed