nd Sanok,
the latter also on the San. The troops that Brussilov extricated from
the passes and those with which he held the northern part of the
western Carpathians against Boehm-Ermolli were now likewise
concentrated on the San. A glance at the map will show that the
Russian front on the San from Przevorsk down to Sanok forms a shield
between the Germanic advance and the two towns of Jaroslav and
Przemysl. It will also be observed that General Ewarts's forces about
Rozvadov are on the west side of the San, that is to say, nearer
toward the advancing Austrians under the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand.

The retreat in Galicia necessitated modifications in the Russian front
in Poland on the way to Warsaw. The line south of the Pilica had to be
withdrawn and positions on the Nida abandoned to conform with the
retreating line in Galicia. New positions were taken up along Radom
and across the Kamienna River. The pivot or hinge from which the line
was drawn back was the town of Ivanlodz, about fifty-five miles
southwest of Warsaw. North of Ivanlodz the front remained unaltered.
While this line shifting was in progress (in Poland) the German troops
hung closely to the heels of the retiring Russians, evidently
mistaking the motive behind the change of position. Mr. Stanley
Washburn thus summarizes the results of these retreating battles:

"Regarding the movement as a whole, suffice it to say that in the two
weeks following the change of line one (Russian) army inflicted upon
the enemy a loss of nearly 30,000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners.
The Russian losses were comparatively trifling." The Austro-German
forces were following up leisurely the retreating Russian corps, not
expecting any serious fighting to occur until the lines behind the
Kamienna were reached.

Instead of that, however, on May 15, 1915, the Russian commander
suddenly halted the main body of his troops in front of his fortified
positions on a line extending from Brody by Opatow toward Klimontow.
Between May 15-17, 1915, a battle developed on this front, which is
the more notable as it is one of the few in this war fought in the
open without trenches. To quote Mr. Washburn: "In any other war it
would have been called a good-sized action, as from first to last more
than 100,000 men and perhaps 350 to 400 guns were engaged."

The Austro-Germans came on in four groups. The Third German Landwehr
was moving from the southwest by Wierzbnik against Ilza, slightly to