12.9%, Russia 9.3%, Italy 7.1%, France 6.4%, US 4.8%, China
4.6%, UK 4.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$37.1 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$16.9 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA, $635.8 million (2002)

Currency (code):
Turkish lira (TRL), New Turkish lira (YTL) after 1 January 2005

Currency code:
TRL, YTL

Exchange rates:
Turkish liras per US dollar - 1,425,500 (2004), 1,500,900 (2003),
1,507,200 (2002), 1,225,600 (2001), 625,200 (2000)
Note: on 1 January 2005 the old Turkish Lira (TRL)was converted to
New Turkish Lira (YTL) at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 New Turkish
Lira

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Turkey

Telephones - main lines in use:
18,916,700 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
27,887,500 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: undergoing rapid modernization and expansion,
especially with cellular telephones
domestic: additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid
increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of
technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both
fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay is facilitating
communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a
domestic satellite system; the number of subscribers to mobile
cellular telephone service is growing rapidly
international: country code - 90; international service is provided
by three submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black
Seas, linking Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania,
and Russia; also by 12 Intelsat earth stations, and by 328 mobile
satellite terminals in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2002)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 16, FM 107, shortwave 6 (2001)

Radios:
11.3 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
635 (plus 2,934 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
20.9 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.tr

Internet hosts:
355,215 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
50 (2001)

Internet users:
5.5 million (2003)

Transportation Turkey

Railways:
total: 8,697 km
standard gauge: 8,697 km 1.435-m gauge (2,122 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 354,421 km
paved: 147,404 km (including 1,851 km of expressways)
unpaved: 207,017 km (2002)

Waterways:
1,200 km (2003)

Pipelines:
gas 3,177 km; oil 3,562 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Alia