the Slav laborers have busied themselves in the coal, coke, iron,
and steel industries. Very seldom do the Slavs take to petty street
traffic, as do the Jews and Italians, but prefer the harder and better
paid work in the mines and foundries.

The Russians make the smallest Slavic group in America. Although many
Russians are reported among the immigrants, only about five per cent are
native born Russians, the rest being Jews, Poles, Finns, and
Lithuanians.

About one-eighth of our European immigrants are Jews. By the law of 1769
the Jews in Russia are compelled to live within certain territorial
limits known as the Jewish Pale, and about ninety-four per cent comply
with the regulation. The law of 1882 has further restricted the places
of residence, for Jews are now prohibited from buying or renting lands
outside the limits of the cities or incorporated towns. Their
educational advantages are limited by law; few are admitted to the bar
and few to the other learned professions. To these disabilities the
Russian government has added the terror of persecution, which will
explain why 150,000 Jews come to America each year. In all there are
1,250,000 here.

"ALIEN PASSENGERS" AND IMMIGRANTS ENTERING THE UNITED STATES FROM
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 1820-1910

LAST 1820 1831 1841 1851 1861
PERMANENT TO TO TO TO TO
RESIDENCE 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870
----------- ------ ------ ------ ------ -------
Austria-Hungary 7,800
Belgium 27 22 5,074 4,738 6,734
Denmark 169 1,063 539 3,749 17,094
France 8,497 45,575 77,262 76,358 35,984
Germany 6,761 152,454 434,626 951,667 787,468
Greece
Italy 408 2,253 1,870 9,231 11,728
Netherlands 1,078 1,412 8,251 10,789 9,102
Norway, Sweden 91 1,201 13,903 20,931 109,298
Russia 91 646 656 1,621 4,536
Spain, Portugal 2,622 2,954 2,759 10,353 8,493
Switzerland 3,226 4,821 4,644 25,011 23,286
England 22,167 73,143 263,332 385,643 568,128
Scotland 2,912 2,667 3,712 38,331 38,