el."

He was described as a creature with "mental constitution very similar to
that of the child, on a lower evolutionary plane than the white man, and
more closely related to the highest anthropoids." His brain weight, we
were told, was 35 ounces as compared with the gorilla's 20 ounces and
the Caucasian's 45.

In America, conception of the Negro has ever fluctuated in direct ratio
to the rise and fall of military domination of the affairs of the
republic. Whenever the military agencies of the government have been
exalted, the Negro has been benefited by reaction of the public mind.
From 1865 to 1870 exaltation of the military element of American life
brought along not only emancipation of the black man, but that
conception of him which resulted in the conferring of manhood rights and
privileges. In this short space of five years, so highly had the Negro
come into public estimation that, with the protection of the military
arm of the government, there were actively engaged in his interest an
Emancipation League, a Freedmen's Pension Society, a Freedmen and
Soldiers' Relief, a Freedmen's Aid Society of the M.E. Church, a Society
of Friends of Great Britain and Ireland for the Relief of Emancipated
Slaves of America, an American Missionary Association, a Freedmen's
Bureau, a Freedmen's Bank, a British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society,
an American Negro Aid Commission, and other organizations, too numerous
for mention. So important, however, was military organization and
predominance to the success of any one of these organizations, that Carl
Schurz, reporting to Congress the condition of the South, declared: "If
the national government firmly and unequivocally announces its policy
not to give up the control of free labor reform until it is firmly
accomplished, the progress of the reform will be far more rapid and far
less difficult than it will be if the attitude of the government is such
as to permit contrary hopes to be indulged in."

In 1870, as the military power of the United States weakened its control
over the nation, forces of opposition arose to pull down to the depths
the black man, who had been exalted by the agencies of military
government. The Ku Klux Klan, headed by the Grand Wizard of the
Invisible Empire, and the Grand Dragon of the Realm, with malignant
fanaticism worshipped the lost cause. Hatred of white man for Negro,
accentuated and embittered by hatred for the Yankee carpet-bagger and
the souther