has been reached in the
evolution of these wonderful creatures, which in certain directions
have attained to an extraordinary development, and have then become
curiously and immovably arrested. See _Problems of Sex_, by J.A.
Thomson and Prof. Patrick Geddes, p. 24; _Mind in Animals_, by
Buechner, p. 60; and _Woman and Labour_, by Olive Schreiner, p. 78.

[36] _Problems of Sex_, p. 34. I would recommend this admirable little
book to all students.

[37] _Descent of Man_, Vol. I. p. 329.

[38] _Pure Sociology_, p. 316; _Science_, Vol. VIII., Oct. 1886, p.
326. Letter by Dr. L.O. Howard.

CONTENTS OF CHAPTER IV

THE EARLY RELATIONSHIP OF THE SEXES

Summary of conclusions arrived at in the previous chapters--The
necessity of a further examination of sexual love among our
pre-human ancestors--The question approached from a different
point of view--The impelling motive of love the union of two
cells--Hermaphroditism--Its various forms--The first step in
the ladder of sex--Reproduction among fishes--The next
step--The attraction of one sex for the other--The female and
the male begin to associate in pairs--Illustration of the
salmon--Sexual differences become more frequent--The males
distinguished by bright colours and ornamental
appendages--Sexual passion and jealous combats of rival
males--Examples--A further step--The note of physical
fondness--The male plays with the female, wooing and caressing
her--The love play often extraordinary--The case of the
stickleback--The males, passionate, polygamous, and
jealous--The paternal instinct of the stickleback--Nature
making experiments in parenthood--Parental forethought among
insects--Illustrations of male parental care--The obstetric
frog--Further examples of primitive animal courtships--A
psychic attraction added to the physical--The courtship of the
octopus--A final step--The co-operation of the sexes in work
together--The dung-rolling beetle--The significance of these
early courtships--Analogy with our sex-passions--The
love-process identical throughout the whole of life.

CHAPTER IV

THE EARLY RELATIONSHIP OF THE SEXES

"Great effects are everywhere produced in animated Nature, by
minute causes.... Think of how many curious phenomena sexual
relation gives rise to in animal life; think of the results of