lizations should get dogmatic authority and
be made the rule of life. Ethical generalizations are vague and easy.
They satisfy loose thinkers, and it is a matter of regret when, in any
society, they get the currency of fashion and are cherished by great
numbers. Interests ought to control, being checked and verified by
ethical principles of approved validity. Slavery is an interest which is
sure to break over all restraints and correctives. It therefore becomes
mistress of folkways and dictates the life policy. It is a kind of
pitfall for civilization. It seems to be self-evident and successful,
but it contains a number of forms of evil which are sure to unfold. The
Moslems have suffered from the curse of it, although in entirely other
ways than the Christians. It intertwines with any other great social
evil which may be present. There it has combined with polygamy. It is,
in any case, an institution which radically affects the mores, but it
is to be noticed that its effect on them is not normal and not such as
belongs to the prosperous development of civilization.

[625] Maine, _Anc. Law_, 164.

[626] Galton, _Human Faculty_, 79.

[627] Gumplowicz, _Soziologie_, 121.

[628] _Durch Afrika_, 207.

[629] Gumplowicz (_Soziol._, 118) quotes a seventeenth-century
author who said that high wages could get soldiers and sailors
for a galley, but not oarsmen, who would allow themselves to be
bound by a chain, bastinadoed, etc. Gumplowicz explains that if
the galley was to manoeuver with exactitude, chains, the
bastinado, etc., must be used to regulate the service.

[630] Ratzel, _Voelkerkunde_, I, Introd., 83.

[631] Holub, _Maschukalumbe_, I, 477; JAI, X, 9.

[632] Ratzel, I, 477, 481.

[633] _Durch Afrika_, 162.

[634] Nachtigal, _Sahara und Sudan_, II, 110.

[635] _Ibid._, 104.

[636] _Ibid._, I, 315.

[637] Ratzel, III, 91.

[638] _Ibid._, 7.

[639] Rohlfs, _Petermann's Mittlgn, Erg. heft_, XXV, 23.

[640] Cantacuzene, _Hist._, IV, 20.

[641] JAI, XXI, 380.

[642] Livingstone, _Travels in South Africa_, I, 204.

[643] _Smithson. Rep._, 1886, Part I, 207.

[644] Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha_, 242.

[645] Ratzel, III, 143.

[646] _Austral. Assoc. Adv. Sci._ 1892, 634.

[647] JAI, XII, 266.

[648] Ratzel, I, 404; III, 145 ff.

[649] JAI, XXII, 103; Junker, _Afrika_, II, 462, 477.

[650] _Globus_, LXXXII