consumption. Cases are also
mentioned of Tartar rulers who ordered the flesh of traitors to
be mixed with the rulers' own food and that of their barons.
Tartar women begged for the possession of a culprit, boiled him
alive, cut the corpse into mince-meat, and distributed it to the
whole army to be eaten.[1073]

+345. Out-group cannibalism.+ Against members of an out-group,
e.g. amongst the Maori, cannibalism "was due to a desire for
revenge; cooking and eating being the greatest of insults."[1074]
On Tanna (New Hebrides) to eat an enemy was the greatest
indignity to him, worse than giving up his corpse to dogs or
swine, or mutilating it. It was believed that strength was
obtained by eating a corpse.[1075] A negro chief in Yabunda,
French Congo, told Brunache[1076] that "it was a very fine thing
to enjoy the flesh of a man whom one hates and whom one has
killed in a battle or a duel." Martius attributes the cannibalism
of the Miranhas to the enjoyment of a "rare, dainty meal, which
will satisfy their rude vanity, in some cases also, blood revenge
and superstition."[1077] Cannibalism is one in the chain of
causes which keeps this people more savage than their neighbors,
most of whom have now abandoned it. "It is one of the most
beastly of all the beastlike traits in the moral physiognomy of
man." It is asserted that cannibalism has been recently
introduced in some places, e.g. Florida (Solomon Islands). It is
also said that on those islands the coast people give it up [they
have fish], but those inland retain it. The notion probably
prevails amongst all that population that, by this kind of food,
_mana_ is obtained, _mana_ being the name for all power, talent,
and capacity by which success is won.[1078] The Melanesians took
advantage of a crime, or alleged crime, to offer the culprit to a
spirit, and so get fighting _mana_ for the warriors.[1079] The
Chames of Cochin China think that the gall of slain enemies,
mixed with brandy, is an excellent means to produce war courage
and skill.[1080] The Chinese believe that the liver is the seat
of life and courage. The gall is the manifestation of the soul.
Soldiers drink the gall of slain enemies to increase their own
vigor and courage.[1081] The mountain tribes of Natal make a
paste from powder formed from parts of the body, which the
priests administer to the yout