d make it practical.[452] The popes of the thirteenth century
approved. There was in the principles of the order an antagonism
to the church as it was, and also an antagonism to common sense.
The church authorities wanted to bring the order into practical
use, and suspected it of the heresies of Florus. It therefore
split into "conventuals," who conformed to the methods of
conventual life, and the "spirituals," who clung to the doctrines
and rules of the founder. The latter became "observantines"
(1368) and "recollects" (1487).[453] The two branches hated each
other and fought on all occasions. In 1275 the spirituals were
treated as heretics, imprisoned in chains, and forbidden the
sacrament.[454] John XXII condemned their doctrine as heretical.
This put the observantines in the same position as other
heretical sects. They must be rebels and heretics or give up
ideas which seemed to them the sum of all truth and wisdom.
Generally they clung to their ideas like the heretics.[455] One
of their heroes was Bernard Delicieux ([Symbol: cross] 1320), who
is celebrated as the only man who ever dared to resist the
Inquisition. He was tortured twice, and condemned to imprisonment
in chains on bread and water. He lived only a few months under
this punishment.[456] Out of admiration immense sums were given
to the mendicants, and they became notorious for avarice and
worldly self-seeking.[457] As early as 1257 Bonaventura, the head
of the order, reproached them with these faults.[458] "Some of
the venomous hatred expressed by the Italian satirists for the
two great orders of St. Francis and St. Dominic may perhaps be
due to an ancient grudge against them as a papal police founded
in the interests of orthodoxy, but the chief point aimed at is
the mixture of hypocrisy with immorality, which rendered them
odious to all classes of society."[459] "In general the
Franciscans seem to us far less orthodox than the Dominicans.
They issued from a popular movement which was irregular,
unecclesiastical, very little conformed to the ideas of the
hierarchy about discipline." "The followers of St. Francis
continued to contain ardent-minded men who maintained that the
Franciscan reform had not produced all its due results; that that
reform was superior to popes and to the dispensations issued at
Rome; that the appearance of the seraphic Fr