ganization. There are some tasks which
have been very hard and very disagreeable. Comrades in an
in-group have never forced these on each other. It seemed to be
good fun, as well as wise policy, to make members of a rival
out-group do these tasks, after defeating them in war. For women
the grinding of seeds (grain) always was a heavy burden until
modern machinery brought natural powers to do it. For men the
rowing of boats (galleys) has been a very hard kind of work.[629]
After slavery came to exist it was extended to other cases, even
to some classes of cases in the in-group. Of these cases the
first was that of debt. Amongst the Eveans a debtor who cannot
pay is put to death. This, however, is a very exceptional
rule.[630] The course of thought is, that a debtor has used
another man's product and is bound to replace it. He therefore
falls into servitude to his creditor in fact, whether it is so
expressed or not. He must live on and work for the creditor.
Another case in which slavery was introduced was that of crime.
The criminal fell under obligations of restitution of value to an
individual or to the whole (chief). Other cases of extension of
slavery will appear below. We have many cases of groups exploited
by other groups. The former are then inferior and despised groups
who are tyrannized over by others who have beaten them in war or
easily could do so.

+272. Servitude of group to group.+ Agriculture is a peaceful
occupation, the pursuit of which breeds out the physical strength
of nomadism. The cases in which nomads rule over tillers belong,
in general, under this head, more especially because such a
difference in the economy of life produces mutual contempt and
hatred. The Israelites entered Canaan as nomads, and their
relation to the Canaanites was that which is here described.
Another case is presented by the smiths, who generally appear as
the earliest handicraftsmen, but are regarded with doubt and
suspicion. They are not slaves, but they are treated as outcasts.
Very often, in case of conquest by an invading tribe, the smiths
remain under the invaders as a subject and despised caste. The
Masarva are descendants of Betchuanas and Bushmen. They stand in
a relation of slaves to the Betchuanas, Matabele, and Marutse, in
whose land they dwell, except that they may not be sold.[631] The
Vaganda are