[2197] Lea, _Inquis._, I, 302.

[2198] Lea, _Sacerd. Celib._, 377.

[2199] Little, _St. Francis of Assisi_, 138. Carmichael (_In
Tuscany_, 228) is satisfied that Francis received the stigmata.
He says: "No serious person any longer seeks to dispute the
fact." The stigmata were imparted by an angel and consisted in
"long nails of a black, hard, fleshy substance. The round heads
of the nails showed close against the palms, and from out the
backs of the hands came the points of the nails, bent back as if
they had pierced through wood and then been clinched." The wounds
caused pain so great that Francis could not walk. Little does not
reject all the fabulous details in the life of the saint as the
legends have brought it down.

[2200] Lea, _Inquis._, III, 29.

[2201] Michael, _Gesch. des Deutschen Volkes_, II, 78.

[2202] Lea, _Inquis._, III, 33.

[2203] _Ibid._, 30.

[2204] _Ibid._, 51.

[2205] _Ibid._, II, 75, 99.

[2206] _Ibid._, 59.

[2207] Lea, _Inquis._, I, 541.

[2208] _Ibid._, III, 172, 179.

[2209] Burckhardt, _Renaissance in Italien_, 465.

CHAPTER XIX

EDUCATION, HISTORY

The superstition of education.--The loss from education;
"missionary-made men."--Schools make persons all on one pattern;
orthodoxy.--Criticism.--Reactions of the mores and education on
each other.--The limitations of the historian.--Overvaluation
of history.--Success and the favor of God.--Philosophic faiths
and the study of history.--Democracy and history.--The study of
history and the study of the mores.--The most essential element
of education.--The history of the mores is needed.

+Introduction.+ The one thing which justifies popular education for all
children is the immense value of men of genius to the society. We have
no means of discerning and recognizing, in their early childhood, the
ones who have genius. If we could do so it would be a good bargain to
pay great sums for them, and to educate them at public expense. Our
popular education may be justly regarded as a system of selecting them.
The pupils retire from the schools when they think that "they do not
want any more schooling." Of course thousands withdraw for one who keeps
on. It is a very expensive system, and the expense all falls on the
taxpayers. The beneficiaries are left entirely free to spend th