essure flanged joints
canvas inserted rubber gaskets.

Size of Steam Lines--The factors affecting the proper size of steam
lines are the radiation from such lines and the velocity of steam within
them. As the size of the steam line increases, there will be an increase
in the radiation.[79] As the size decreases, the steam velocity and the
pressure drop for a given quantity of steam naturally increases.

There is a marked tendency in modern practice toward higher steam
velocities, particularly in the case of superheated steam. It was
formerly considered good practice to limit this velocity to 6000 feet
per minute but this figure is to-day considered low.

In practice the limiting factor in the velocity advisable is the
allowable pressure drop. In the description of the action of the
throttling calorimeter, it has been demonstrated that there is no loss
accompanying a drop in pressure, the difference in energy between the
higher and lower pressures appearing as heat, which, in the case of
steam flowing through a pipe, may evaporate any condensation present or
may be radiated from the pipe. A decrease in pipe area decreases the
radiating surface of the pipe and thus the possible condensation. As the
heat liberated by the pressure drop is utilized in overcoming or
diminishing the tendency toward condensation and the heat loss through
radiation, the steam as it enters the prime mover will be drier or more
highly superheated where high steam velocities are used than where they
are lower, and if enough excess pressure is carried at the boilers to
maintain the desired pressure at the prime mover, the pressure drop
results in an actual saving rather than a loss. The whole is analogous
to standard practice in electrical distributing systems where generator
voltage is adjusted to suit the loss in the feeder lines.

In modern practice, with superheated steam, velocities of 15,000 feet
per minute are not unusual and this figure is very frequently exceeded.

Piping System Design--With the proper size of pipe to be used
determined, the most important factor is the provision for the removal
of water of condensation that will occur in any system. Such
condensation cannot be wholly overcome and if the water of condensation
is carried to the prime mover, difficulties will invariably result.
Water is practically incompressible and its effect when traveling at
high velocities differs little from that of a solid body of equal
weight, he