connected unless set with the stem horizontal,
while gate valves may be set with the spindle vertical or at an angle.
Where valves are placed directly on the boiler nozzle, a drain should be
provided above them.

High pressure drains should be trapped to both feed heaters and waste
headers. Traps and meters should be provided with by-passes. Cylinder
drains, heater blow-offs and drains, boiler blow-offs and similar lines
should be led to waste. The ends of cylinder drains should not extend
below the surface of water, for on starting up or on closing the
throttle valve with the drains open, water may be drawn back into the
cylinders.

TABLE 64

RADIATION FROM COVERED AND UNCOVERED STEAM PIPES

CALCULATED FOR 160 POUNDS PRESSURE AND 60 DEGREES TEMPERATURE

+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
|+------+---------------------------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+|
|| | | | | | | | ||
|| Pipe | |1/2 |3/4 | 1 |1-1/4|1-1/2| ||
||Inches| Thickness of Covering |inch|inch|inch|inch |inch |Bare ||
|+------+---------------------------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+|
|| |B. t. u. per lineal foot | | | | | | ||
|| | per hour |149 |118 | 99 | 86 | 79 | 597 ||
|| |B. t. u. per square foot | | | | | | ||
|| | per hour |240 |190 |161 | 138 | 127 | 959 ||
|| 2 |B. t. u. per square foot | | | | | | ||
|| | per hour per one degree | | | | | | ||
|| | difference in temperature|.770|.613|.519|.445 |.410 |3.198||
|+------+---------------------------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+|
|| |B. t. u. per lineal foot | | | | | | ||
|| | per hour |247 |193 |160 | 139 | 123 |1085 ||
|| |B. t. u. per square foot | | | | | | ||
|| | per hour |210 |164 |136 | 118 | 104 | 921 ||
|| 4 |B. t. u. per square foot | | | | | | ||
|| | per hour per one degree | | | | | | ||
|| | difference in temperature|.677|.592|.439|.381 |.335 |2.970||
|+------+---------------------------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+|
|| |B. t. u. per lineal foot | | | | |