which we measured the original extent of the Frisian area is applicable
to that of the Northmen. There are Norse names for French localities. Of
these the most important are the compounds of -_tot_, -_fleur_, and
-_bec_; like Yve-_tot_, Har-_fleur_, and Caude-_bec_.

FRENCH. NORSE. ENGLISH.

-tot toft _village_.
-fleur floet _stream_.
-bec beck _brook_.[11]

Names of places thus ending are almost exclusively limited to Normandy;
occurring, even there, most numerously within a few miles of either the
sea or the Seine.

Furthermore, there is a fresh element suggested by a term of the
"Notitia Utriusque Imperii," a document of the latter end of the fourth
century. This is _Litus Saxonicum per Britannias_, a tract extending
from the Wash to Portsmouth. Now the opposite shore of the continent was
a _litus Saxonicum_ also; within which lay Normandy. I believe that
these Saxons were part of the same branch of Germans which invaded
England; in other words, that portions of France, like portions of
England, were _Anglicized_; the two processes differing in respect to
their extent and duration. What was general and permanent on the
island, was partial and temporary on the continent. That there were
Saxons at Bayeux in the tenth century is asserted by express evidence.

Taking in the account the preceding invasions, and remembering that,
both from Germany and Italy, Normandy is one of the most distant of the
French provinces, we arrive at the following analysis.

The Channel Islanders are what the Normans are.

The Normans are Romanized Celts; the Roman element being somewhat less
than it is elsewhere.

The Frank and Burgundian elements are also less.

But a Saxon element is greater.

And a Norse element is pre-eminently Norman.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] "Natural History of Man," p. 197.

[2] The form in _c_ and _sk_ (_Skipton_ and _Carlton_) being of Danish,
whilst those in _ch_ and _sh_ are of Anglo-Saxon origin.--_See_
"Quarterly Review," No. CLXIV.

[3] The details of this investigation are given in full in the present
writer's "Taciti Germania with Ethnological notes," now in course of
publication.

[4] I include in this term the so-called old Saxons of Westphalia.

[5] The original passage is as follows:--"{Brittian de ten neson ethne
tria polyanthropotata echousi, basileus te heis auton hekasto
ephesteken, onomata de keitai tois ethnesi toutois Angiloi te kai
Phrisso