Co., 1907.)

[146] From Charles H. Judd, "Imitation," in _Monroe's Cyclopedia of
Education_, III, 388-89. (Published by The Macmillan Co., 1912.
Reprinted by permission.)

[147] Adapted from G. F. Stout, _A Manual of Psychology_, pp. 390-91.
(The University Tutorial Press, 1913.)

[148] Adapted from Th. Ribot, _The Psychology of the Emotions_, pp.
230-34. (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1898.)

[149] Adapted from Adam Smith, _The Theory of Moral Sentiments_, pp.
3-10. (G. Bell & Sons, 1893.)

[150] From Yrjoe Hirn, _The Origins of Art_, pp. 74-85. (Published by The
Macmillan Co., 1900. Reprinted by permission.)

[151] Translated and adapted from the German, _Die Bedeutung der
Suggestion im Sozialen Leben_, pp. 10-15, from the original Russian of
W. v. Bechterew. (J. F. Bergmann, Wiesbaden, 1905.)

[152] Adapted from Albert Moll, _Hypnotism_, pp. 453-57. The
Contemporary Science Series. (Walter Scott, 1909.)

[153] Translated and adapted from the German, _Die Bedeutung der
Suggestion im Sozialen Leben_, pp. 134-42, from the original Russian of
W. v. Bechterew. (Wiesbaden: J. F. Bergmann, 1905.)

[154] _The Social Process_, p. 28.

[155] P. xiv.

[156] P. 41.

CHAPTER VII

SOCIAL FORCES

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Sources of the Notion of Social Forces

The concept of interaction is an abstraction so remote from ordinary
experience that it seems to have occurred only to scientists and
philosophers. The idea of forces behind the manifestations of physical
nature and of society is a notion which arises naturally out of the
experience of the ordinary man. Historians, social reformers, and
students of community life have used the term in the language of common
sense to describe factors in social situations which they recognized but
did not attempt to describe or define. Movements for social reform have
usually met with unexpected obstacles. Public welfare programs have not
infrequently been received with popular antagonism instead of popular
support. Lack of success has led to the search for causes, and
investigation has revealed the obstacles, as well as the aids, to reform
embodied in influential persons, "political bosses," "union leaders,"
"the local magnate," and in powerful groups such as party organizations,
unions, associations of commerce, etc. Social control, it appears, is
resident, not in individuals as individuals, but as members of
communities and social groups. Candid recognition of the role