he Eastern emperors were revived by Frederic the Second. The
insurgents of Tephrice were represented by the barons and cities of
Languedoc: Pope Innocent III. surpassed the sanguinary fame of Theodora.
It was in cruelty alone that her soldiers could equal the heroes of
the Crusades, and the cruelty of her priests was far excelled by the
founders of the Inquisition; [31] an office more adapted to confirm,
than to refute, the belief of an evil principle. The visible assemblies
of the Paulicians, or Albigeois, were extirpated by fire and sword;
and the bleeding remnant escaped by flight, concealment, or Catholic
conformity. But the invincible spirit which they had kindled still lived
and breathed in the Western world. In the state, in the church, and even
in the cloister, a latent succession was preserved of the disciples of
St. Paul; who protested against the tyranny of Rome, embraced the Bible
as the rule of faith, and purified their creed from all the visions of
the Gnostic theology. [3111] The struggles of Wickliff in England,
of Huss in Bohemia, were premature and ineffectual; but the names of
Zuinglius, Luther, and Calvin, are pronounced with gratitude as the
deliverers of nations.

[Footnote 28: The introduction of the Paulicians into Italy and France
is amply discussed by Muratori (Antiquitat. Italiae Medii Aevi, tom. v.
dissert. lx. p. 81-152) and Mosheim, (p. 379-382, 419-422.) Yet both
have overlooked a curious passage of William the Apulian, who clearly
describes them in a battle between the Greeks and Normans, A.D. 1040,
(in Muratori, Script. Rerum Ital. tom. v. p. 256:)

Cum Graecis aderant quidam, quos pessimus error

Fecerat amentes, et ab ipso nomen habebant.

But he is so ignorant of their doctrine as to make them a kind of
Sabellians or Patripassians.]

[Footnote 29: Bulgari, Boulgres, Bougres, a national appellation,
has been applied by the French as a term of reproach to usurers and
unnatural sinners. The Paterini, or Patelini, has been made to signify
a smooth and flattering hypocrite, such as l'Avocat Patelin of that
original and pleasant farce, (Ducange, Gloss. Latinitat. Medii et Infimi
Aevi.) The Manichaeans were likewise named Cathari or the pure, by
corruption. Gazari, &c.]

[Footnote 30: Of the laws, crusade, and persecution against the
Albigeois, a just, though general, idea is expressed by Mosheim, (p.
477-481.) The detail may be found in the ecclesiastical historians,
ancien