ar work and color in the majority
of those made under each pharaoh, and such style is different from
that of any earlier or later age; through this we have a guide as to
the original dating of most scarabs from the IVth Dynasty to the end.
No subsequent period shows us similarities to the majority of the
scarabs of any one king.

To the unlearned probably all scarabs look alike, but to an eye
educated on the subject, the peculiarities of each Dynasty, and even
of separate reigns, become evident. The value of scarabs to the
historian is therefore great, as the study of scarabs will reveal, the
names of kings unknown heretofore from any of the other monuments so
far discovered.

FOOTNOTES:

[19] This is chalcedony penetrated by minute green fibres of
hornblende. It is now found principally in India and China. The color
is frequently equal to that of the finest emerald, but the yellow
patches or black spots running through it, distinguish its species.
Ancient specimens have been found free of these marks and very
transparent. They may have had a method in ancient times of freeing
the stone from these spots.

[20] Historical Scarabs. A series of Drawings from the Principal
Collections. Arranged chronologically, by W.M. Flinders Petrie, author
of, Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh, etc. London, D. Nutt, 1889.

[21] I have generally used in this work the ordinary well known forms
of the Egyptian proper names, such as Rameses, Thotmes, Amen-hotep,
etc., instead of the more unusual, but more correct and learned,
names: Ra-messu, Tehuti-mes, Amen-hetep, etc. The dates are based on
those of Dr. Heinrich Brugsch-Bey.

[22] Ten Years Digging in Egypt, etc., by W.M. Flinders Petrie.
London, 1892, p. 45.

III.

METHOD, PERIOD AND ANTIQUITY, OF ENGRAVING THE SCARAB AND OTHER
FORMS. USE OF RINGS. MENTION OF, AND OF ENGRAVING AND SEALING,
IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. USE OF CYLINDER SIGNETS BY THE EGYPTIANS.
RELATIONS WITH MESOPOTAMIA. CARVING OF DIORITE AND OTHER HARD
STONE. THE EGYPTIANS DID NOT BORROW THEIR ENGRAVING AND THE
SCARAB, FROM MESOPOTAMIA. DISUSE OF SCARABS.

The art of the lapidary is asserted in the Book of Enoch, to have been
taught to mankind by the angel Azazel,[23] chief of the angels who
took to themselves wives from among the daughters of men. The most
ancient method consisted, in obtaining a flat surface by rubbing or
scraping, with corundum or other hard and wearing stone, the st