ift up, to raise. Later, through a pun, he obtained
the meaning of Luminous. Comp. also Naville's ed. of the _Per-em-hru_
last cited, l. 4 _et seq._

[102] G. Maspero in the _Revue de l'Hist. des Religions. Le Livre des
Morts_, Vol. XV., pp. 269, 270.

[103] Hermes Trismegistos, second ed., by Louis Menard. Paris, 1867.
pp. 27, 28. _Hermetis Trismegisti Poemander; ad fidem codicum manu
scriptorum recognovit_, by Gustavus Parthey. Berolini, 1854, p. 31.
The word "sand" is used to symbolize the positive or atomic dryness,
and "damp sand," the atomic humidity, or the negative.

[104] Book of the Dead, ch. XVII., l. 1-4; XV., l. 28, 29, 43, 47;
LXXIX., l. 1, 2; LXXVIII., l. 12. _Hymne a Ammon-Ra_, by Eugene
Grebaut. Paris, 1874, pp. 11, 28, 112, 115, 120-122, 295.

[105] Paul Pierret, _Etudes Egyptol._, I., 81.

[106] F. Chabas, _l'Egyptologie_. Paris, 1878, Vol. II., p. 103.

[107] Comp. Trans. Soc. Biblical Literature, Vol. VI., pp. 494-508.

[108] Comp. Religion of Ancient Egypt by P. Le Page Renouf, p. 153 _et
seq._

[109] _Mythe d' Horus_, by E. Naville.

VIII.

FORGERY OF SCARABS IN MODERN TIMES. DIFFICULTY OF DETECTING
SUCH. OTHER EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES ALSO COUNTERFEITED BY THE
PRESENT INHABITANTS OF EGYPT.

M. Prisse says:[110] "Most of the fellahs who inhabit the land,
formerly Memphis and Thebes, live only from the products of their
finds. Constrained to cease from their lucrative researches, they are
reduced to the counterfeiting of figurines, amulets and the other
objects of art which they formerly found in the earth. Necessity the
mother of industry has caused them in a short time to make wonderful
progress. Without any practice in the arts, and with the rudest tools,
some of the peasants have carved scarabs and beautiful statuettes and
ornamented them with hieroglyphic legends. They very well know that
cartouches add much value to the antiquities, and they are never in
want of copies of them either from the great monuments or the original
scarabs. They use in making the copies a limestone of fine and compact
grain, soapstone, serpentine and alabaster. The objects made of
limestone are daubed with bitumen taken from the mummies, or from the
colors taken away from the paintings in the hypogea, finally some are
covered uniformly with a brilliant pottery glaze which renders, it is
true, the forms rather blurred and not easy to see, but which
resembles in a surprising manner, antiqu