o each state a
republican form of government?

When did the United States protect a state against invasion? Against
domestic violence? Have any states been admitted into the Union more than
once?

CHAPTER XXVI.

ARTICLE V.--AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.

_The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary,
shall propose amendments to this constitution, or, on the application of
the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a
convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid
to all intents and purposes, as a part of this constitution, when ratified
by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by
conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of
ratification may be proposed by the congress;[1] provided, that no
amendment, which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred
and eight, shall, in any manner, affect the first and fourth clauses in
the ninth section of the first article;[2] and that no state, without its
consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate.[3]_

[1] No one realized more fully than the framers of the constitution that,
with the best thought which they could give to it, the constitution might
need amending, and therefore they provided ways for proposing and
ratifying amendments.

It is purposely made difficult to amend the constitution because the
fundamental law should not be changed except for weighty reasons. If these
exist, the amendments may be made; the difficulty is not so great as to be
insurmountable.

[2] By reading the clauses referred to, the student will readily see whom
this was a concession to.

[3] This was to protect the small states, in whose interest the senate was
organized.

The first ten amendments were proposed by congress at its first session in
1789, and they were ratified in 1791.

Two other amendments were proposed at the same time, but they were not
ratified. One of them was to regulate the number of representatives; the
other, to prevent congressmen from increasing their own salaries.

The eleventh amendment was proposed in 1796, and ratified in 1798.

The twelfth amendment, a consequence of the disputed election of 1801, was
proposed in 1803, and ratified in 1804.

An amendment prohibiting citizens of the United States from accepting any
titles, pensions, presents, or other emoluments from any foreign power, on
pain