roperty; 4. Suspension of _Habeas Corpus_.

III. From Judicial Oppression.-1. Before trial: arrest, bail, information
as to accusation, time of trial; 2. During trial: publicity, jury,
evidence, counsel, punishment; 3. After trial: retrial; 4. Treason.

IV. From State oppression.

ARTICLE XI.

LIMITING THE JURISDICTION of UNITED STATES COURTS.

_The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend
to any suit in law or equity,[1] commenced or prosecuted against one of
the United States[2] by citizens of another state, or by citizens or
subjects of any foreign state.[3]_

[1] Equity is hard to define. According to Aristotle it is "the
rectification of the law, when, by reason of its universality, it is
deficient." Blackstone says, "Equity, in its true and genuine meaning, is
the soul and spirit of all law.... Equity is synonymous with justice." It
is the province of law to establish a code of rules whereby injustice may
be prevented, and it may therefore be said that all law is equitable. "In
a technical sense, the term equity is applied to those cases not
specifically provided for by positive law." (See page 208; also Dole's
Talk's About Law, page 502.)

[2] According to III. 2, a state could be sued for a debt the same as an
individual, and shortly after the adoption of the constitution several of
them were sued for debts incurred during the Revolutionary War. Pride and
poverty both prompted the states to desire immunity from such suits. Hence
the adoption of this amendment. (See page 209.)

[3] A non-resident secures the payment of a debt due from a state in the
same way as a resident--by legislative appropriation.

ARTICLE XII.

MODE OF CHOOSING THE PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT.

The amendment has been discussed in connection with Article II. of the
constitution, pages 184-6.

ARTICLE XIII.

ABOLITION OF SLAVERY.

_1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for
crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction._

_2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation._

This amendment, one of the "first fruits" of the Civil War, put an end to
slavery in the United States. The wording was taken, almost verbatim, from
the Ordinance of 1787.

ARTICLE XIV.

MISCELLANEOUS RECONSTRUCTION PROVISIONS.

SECTION I.--"CITIZEN" DEFINED. PR