conqueror; he had not offered his
aid in supporting the acts of tyranny of the French government;
therefore he was called with threats to Paris, and there arrested,
because, in fact, they feared his influence on the patriotic
disposition of the country. When, in 1813, he was released, and the
Prussian rule was restored in his Fatherland, he conducted the
organisation of the legal authorities in the Rhine country. From that
time he led a long, useful life of activity in his office, one of the
first Prussian jurists who supported trial by jury, publicity, and
verbal evidence, against the State government. A firm independence of
character, truthful, devoted to duty, with deified earnestness and
simplicity, he was a model of old Prussian official honour. The
blessing of his life rests on his children.

It is not without an object that in this and the preceding chapter two
portraitures from the circle of German citizens have been placed in
juxtaposition. They represent the contrasts that were to be found in
German life, through the whole of the eighteenth century up to the war
of freedom. We see Pietists and followers of Wolf; Klopstock and
Lessing; Schiller and Kant; Germans and Prussians; a rich contemplative
mind, and a persevering energy, which subjects the external world to
itself.

CHAPTER XI.

RISE OF THE NATION.
(1807-1815.)

The greatest blessing which Reformers leave behind them to succeeding
generations seldom lies in that which they themselves consider as the
fruit of their earthly life, nor in the dogmas for which they have
contended, suffered and conquered, and been blessed and cursed by their
contemporaries. It is not their system which has the lasting effect,
but the numerous sources of new life, which through their labour is
brought to light from the depths of the popular mind. The new system
which Luther opposed to the old church, lost a portion of its
constructive power a few years after he had laid his head to rest. But
that which, during his great conflict with the hierarchy, he had done
to rouse independence of mind in his people, to increase the feeling of
duty, to raise the morals and to found discipline and culture, the
impress of his soul in every domain of ideal life, remained in the
severe struggles of the following century, an indestructible gain from
which at last grew a fulness of new life. The sy