any, zoology, etc.
Its aim, however, is not merely the study of pure science, but its
application to the immediate welfare of man through agriculture and the
industries. The director general is Dr. Netto, and the secretary Dr.
Joao Joaquin Pizarro. Most of the officers are Brazilians, but our
countryman, Prof. Hartt, is director of the "sciencias physicas,"
including geology, mineralogy, and palaeontology. This first number of
the "Archivos" contains papers in the Portuguese language on aboriginal
remains, one by Prof. Wiener and Prof. Hartt, and one by Dr. Netto on a
botanical subject.

* * * * *

Prof. Walker's work in both the Census Bureau and the Indian Department
shows how original and critical his mind is. The first fruit of his
activity as a professional teacher of political economy is an extended
treatise on the question of wages.[19] He seems to have found himself
unable to make the views of the systematic writers always harmonize with
his own conceptions, and his work is to a considerable extent
controversial. One of his prominent objects of attack is the wage-fund
theory, which is that wages are paid out of capital, that a certain
portion of the capital in every country is charged with this duty, and
that the rate of wages could be accurately determined if the amount of
this fund and the total number of laborers could be ascertained. This
theory makes the savings of past labor to be the source from which wages
are paid. Prof. Walker argues that "wages are, in a philosophical view
of the subject, paid out of the product of present industry, and hence
that production furnishes the true measure of wages." Labor is an
article which the employer buys because it forms a necessary part of a
certain product which he intends to sell. The price which he expects to
obtain for the product controls the amount he can afford to pay for the
labor. It is true that the money paid must necessarily come from past
savings unless the laborers wait for their pay, as they formerly did in
this country. But in making this payment capital merely _advances_ the
money, and its possessor receives interest for its use; the amount of
this interest being another element that is controlled by the price
which the manufacturer expects to obtain for the product. Prof. Walker
thinks it not surprising that the erroneous wage-fund theory found
acceptance in England, where the facts on which it is based were first
o