a and forms the most important tree
of the sub-arctic forest of British America. Used largely for floors,
joists, doors, sashes, mouldings, and panel work, rapidly superceding
_Pinus strobus_ for building purposes. It is very similar to Norway
pine, excels it in toughness, is rather less durable and dense, and
more liable to warp in seasoning. Northern United States from Maine to
Minnesota, also from Montana to Pacific, British America.

=37. White Spruce= (_Picea engelmanni_). Medium- to large-sized tree,
forming extensive forests at elevations from 5,000 to 10,000 feet
above sea level; resembles the preceding, but occupies a different
station. A very important timber tree in the central and southern
parts of the Rocky Mountains. Rocky Mountains from Mexico to Montana.

=38. Tide-Land Spruce= (_Picea sitchensis_) (Sitka Spruce). A
large-sized tree, forming an extensive coast-belt forest. Used
extensively for all classes of cooperage and woodenware on the Pacific
Coast. Along the sea-coast from Alaska to central California.

=39. Red Spruce= (_Picea rubens_). Medium-sized tree, generally
associated with _Picea nigra_ and occurs scattered throughout the
northern pineries. Heartwood reddish; sapwood lighter color,
straight-grained, compact structure. Wood light, soft, not strong,
elastic, resonant, not durable when exposed. Used for flooring,
carpentry, shipbuilding, piles, posts, railway ties, paddles, oars,
sounding boards, paper pulp, and musical instruments. Montana to
Pacific, British America.

BASTARD SPRUCE

Spruce or fir in name, but resembling hard pine or larch in
appearance, quality and uses of its wood.

=40. Douglas Spruce= (_Pseudotsuga douglasii_) (Yellow Fir, Red Fir,
Oregon Pine). One of the most important trees of the western United
States; grows very large in the Pacific States, to fair size in all
parts of the mountains, in Colorado up to about 10,000 feet above sea
level; forms extensive forests, often of pure growth, it is really
neither a pine nor a fir. Wood very variable, usually coarse-grained
and heavy, with very pronounced summer-wood. Hard and strong ("red"
fir), but often fine-grained and light ("yellow" fir). It is the chief
tree of Washington and Oregon, and most abundant and most valuable in
British Columbia, where it attains its greatest size. From the plains
to the Pacific Ocean, and from Mexico to British Columbia.

=41. Red Fir= (_Pseudotsuga taxif