in 1855; Burke in 1855;
and Hook in 1857. In these Islands a cloth is woven from this fibre.

[153] To express juice from the small species of lemon, the fruit
should be cut from the stalk end downwards. If cut otherwise the
juice will not flow freely.

[154] "Flora de Filipinas," by Father Manuel Blanco. Published in
Manila by the Augustine Order in 4 vols., 1879.

[155] For more ample details _vide_ "Rapida descripcion de la Isla
de Cebu," by Enrique Abella y Casariega. Published by Royal Order in
Madrid, 1886.

[156] Monsieur Jean Labedan, who had been the original proprietor of
the "Restaurant de Paris" in La Escolta, Manila.

[157] "Hist. de la Provincia de Batangas," por D. Pedro Andres de
Castro y Amades, 1790. Inedited MS. in the archives of Bauan Convent
(Batangas).

[158] "A Visit to the Philippine Islands," by Sir John Bowring,
Spanish translation, p. 67. Manila, 1876.

[159] An effective cure for a centipede bite is a plaster of garlic
mashed until the juice flows. The plaster must be renewed every hour.

[160] A good dish can be made of the rice-birds, known locally as
_Maya_ (_Munia oryzivora_, Bonap.; _Estrelda amandava_, Gray) and
the _Bato-Bato_ and _Punay_ pigeons (_Ptilinopus roseicollis_, Gray).

[161] According to Edouard Verreux, cited by Paul de la Gironniere
in his "Aventures d'un gentilhomme Breton aux Iles Philippines,"
p. 394 (Paris 1857), there were at that date 172 classified birds in
this Archipelago.

[162] The city walls were undoubtedly a great safeguard for the
Spaniards against the frequent threats of the Mindanao and Sulu pirates
who ventured into the Bay of Manila up to within 58 years ago. Also,
for more than a century, they were any day subject to hostilities from
the Portuguese, whilst the aggressive foreign policy of the mother
country during the 17th century exposed them to reprisals by the Dutch
fleets, which in 1643 threatened the city of Manila. Formerly the
drawbridges were raised, and the city was closed and under sentinels
from 11 o'clock p.m. until 4 o'clock a.m. It continued so until 1852,
when, in consequence of the earthquake of that year, it was decreed
that the city should thenceforth remain open night and day. The
walled city was officially styled the _Plaza de Manila_, its last
Spanish military governor being General Rizzo, who left for Europe in
December, 1898. The most modern drawbridge entrance was the _Puerta
de Isabel II_, (1861), facing the Pasig