much material
and money had been employed in garrisons and conveyance of subsidies
there as in the whole Philippine Colony up to that period.

[36] "Hist. Gen. de Philipinas," by Juan de la Concepcion, Vol. VII.,
p. 48, published at Manila, 1788.

[37] Macao is held by the Portuguese since 1557. During the Union
of Spain and Portugal (1581-1640), the Dutch made two unsuccessful
attempts to seize it (1622 and 1627). This colony was the great
European-Chinese emporium prior to Hong-Kong (1841), and paid crown
rent to China up to 1848.

[38] Zuniga's History, Vol II., Chap xii., English translation,
published in London, 1814.

[39] Cronica de los P. P. Dominicos, Vol. IV., pp. 637 to 650,
edition of Rivadenayra, published in Madrid.

[40] This money constituted the Manila merchants' specie remittances
from Acapulco, together with the Mexican subsidy to support the
administration of this Colony, which was merely a dependency of Mexico
up to the second decade of last century (_vide_ Chap. xv.).

[41] Vicissitudes of Sultan Mahamad Alimudin (_vide_ Chap. x.).

[42] So tenacious was the opposition of the Austin friars, both in
Manila and the provinces, that the British appear to have regarded
them as their special foes.

From the archives of Bauan Convent, Province of Batangas, I have taken
the following notes, viz.:--The Austin friars lost P 238,000 and 15
convents. Six of their estates were despoiled. The troops killed were
300 Spaniards, 500 Pampanga natives, and 300 Tagalog natives. Besides
the Austin friars from the galleon _Trinidad_, who were made prisoners
and shipped to Bombay, 10 of their Order were killed in battle and
19 were captured and exiled to India and Europe.

[43] The prominent men in this movement were the brothers Palmero,
maternal uncles of the well-known Spanish soldier-politician, General
Marcelo Azcarraga.

Born in 1832 in Manila, General Marcelo Azcarraga was the son of
Jose Azcarraga, a Biscayan Spaniard, and his creole wife Dr. Maria
Palmero. Jose Azcarraga was a bookseller, established in the
_Escolta_ (Binondo), in a building (burnt down in October, 1885) on
the site where stood the General Post Office up to June, 1904. In
the fire of 1885 the first MS. of the first edition of this work
was consumed, and had to be re-written. Jose Azcarraga had several
sons and daughters. His second son, Marcelo, first studied law at
St. Thomas' University, and then entered the Nautical School, where