rotest from England and France prevented the consummation of
the alliance.

In 1839 the trouble between Turkey and Egypt recommenced when Great
Britain, anxious to preserve Turkey's integrity, entered into an
agreement with Russia, Austria and Prussia, which was signed at London
in July, 1840. There was some danger of a war with France but England,
fearing Russia's designs, returned to her former ally. By the
Convention of July 13, 1841, Russia's designs upon old Czargrad were
postponed until a more favorable opportunity. In 1844, Nicholas
visited England, but his reception in London was cool. He, however,
entered into an agreement whereby the Khanates of Central Asia should
remain neutral ground between Russia and India.

In 1846, trouble broke out in Gallicia, where the Poles rose against
Austria; but as the nobles had to subdue a revolt of their own (p. 213)
peasants, order was quickly restored. The free city Cracow was the
resort of the Poles. Russia, Austria, and Prussia sent troops against
it, and Cracow was annexed by Austria notwithstanding a protest from
England and France.

The year 1848 will long be remembered for the blows bestowed upon the
divine right of kings, and the privileges which the sovereigns were
compelled to concede to the people. The Emperor Ferdinand of Austria
was expelled from his capital, and the King of Prussia was subjected
to humiliation by his own people. France proclaimed the republic, and
Nicholas proclaimed himself the champion of the right divine. He
dispatched an army into Hungary, which was soon "at the feet of your
Majesty," and felt the wrath of the frightened Ferdinand.

Notwithstanding this cooperation, the understanding among the three
powers, Russia, Austria and Prussia, was giving way before individual
interests. When, in 1852, Prussia attempted to seize the German
provinces of Denmark, it was Nicholas who compelled her to withdraw.
On the 8th of May of that year, the independence and integrity of
Denmark were recognized by the Treaty of London.

In the same year Louis Napoleon made an end to the French Republic by
the notorious _Coup d'Etat_. This gave great satisfaction to the czar
who was heard to remark: "France has set an evil example; she will now
set a good one. I have faith in the conduct of Louis Napoleon." The
new emperor of France did not seem to appreciate this condescension,
or else he showed gross ingratitude when France and Austria, (p. 214)
wi