hevism are in themselves purely contingent. For Bolshevism is
opposed to Liberalism only in so far as the former is revolutionary,
not in its socialistic aspect. For if the opposition of the Bolsheviki
to liberal and democratic doctrines were to continue, as now seems
more and more probable, the result might be a complete break between
Bolshevism and Socialism notwithstanding the fact that the ultimate
aims of both are identical.

Fascism as an Integral Doctrine of Sociality Antithetical to the
Atomism of Liberal, Democratic, and Socialistic Theories

The true antithesis, not to this or that manifestation of the
liberal-democratic-socialistic conception of the state but to the
concept itself, is to be found in the doctrine of Fascism. For while
the disagreement between Liberalism and Democracy, and between
Liberalism and Socialism lies in a difference of method, as we have
said, the rift between Socialism, Democracy, and Liberalism on one
side and Fascism on the other is caused by a difference in concept. As
a matter of fact, Fascism never raises the question of methods, using
in its political praxis now liberal ways, now democratic means and at
times even socialistic devices. This indifference to method often
exposes Fascism to the charge of incoherence on the part of
superficial observers, who do not see that what counts with us is the
end and that therefore even when we employ the same means we act with
a radically different spiritual attitude and strive for entirely
different results. The Fascist concept then of the nation, of the
scope of the state, and of the relations obtaining between society and
its individual components, rejects entirely the doctrine which I said
proceeded from the theories of natural law developed in the course of
the XVI, XVII, and XVIII centuries and which form the basis of the
liberal, democratic, and socialistic ideology.

I shall not try here to expound this doctrine but shall limit myself
to a brief resume of its fundamental concepts.

Man--the political animal--according to the definition of Aristotle,
lives and must live in society. A human being outside the pale of
society is an inconceivable thing--a non-man. Humankind in its
entirety lives in social groups that are still, today, very numerous
and diverse, varying in importance and organization from the tribes of
Central Africa to the great Western Empires. These various societies
are fractions of the human species each one of