t, in laws, in the solidarity of mankind. The State leads men from
primitive tribal life to that highest expression of human power which
is Empire; links up through the centuries the names of those who died
to preserve its integrity or to obey its laws; holds up the memory of
the leaders who increased its territory, and of the geniuses who cast
the light of glory upon it, as an example for future generations to
follow. When the conception of the State declines and disintegrating
or centrifugal tendencies prevail, whether of individuals or groups,
then the national society is about to set."

11. The Unity of the State and the Contradictions of Capitalism.

From 1929 onwards to the present day, the universal, political and
economical evolution has still further strengthened the doctrinal
positions. The giant who rules is the State. The one who can resolve
the dramatic contradictions of capital is the State. What is called
the crisis cannot be resolved except by the State and in the State.
Where are the ghosts of Jules Simon who, at the dawn of Liberalism,
proclaimed that "the State must set to work to make itself useless and
prepare its resignation?" Of MacCulloch who, in the second half of the
past century, proclaimed that the State must abstain from ruling? What
would the Englishman Bentham say today to the continual and
inevitably-invoked intervention of the State in the sphere of
economics, while, according to his theories, industry should ask no
more of the State than to be left in peace? Or the German Humboldt
according to whom an "idle" State was the best kind of State? It is
true that the second wave of Liberal economists were less extreme than
the first, and Adam Smith himself opened the door--if only very
cautiously--to let State intervention into the economic field.

If Liberalism signifies the individual--then Fascism signifies the
State. But the Fascist State is unique of its kind and is an original
creation. It is not reactionary but revolutionary, inasmuch as it
anticipates the solution of certain universal problems such as those
which are treated elsewhere: 1) in the political sphere, by the
subdivisions of parties, in the preponderance of parliamentarism and
in the irresponsibilities of assemblies; 2) in the economic sphere, by
the functions of trade unions which are becoming constantly more
numerous and powerful, whether in the labour or industrial fields, in
their conflicts and combinations, and 3)