er. Henceforth a significant differentiation began to appear; the
collections of texts, the number of which continued to increase, were
clearly separated from the commentaries in which the canonists continued
the formation and interpretation of the law. Thus the way was prepared
for official collections. The disciples of Gratian, in glossing or
commenting on the _Decretum_, turned to the papal decretals, as they
appeared, for information and the determination of doubtful points.
Their idea, then, was to make collections of these points, to support
their teaching; this is the origin of those _Compilationes_ which were
soon to be embodied in the collection of Gregory IX. But we must not
forget that these compilations were intended by their authors to
complete the _Decretum_ of Gratian; in them were included the decretals
called _extravagantes_, i.e. _quae vagabantur extra Decretum_. This is
why we find in them hardly any documents earlier than the time of
Gratian, and also why canonists have continued to refer to the
decretals of Gregory IX. by the abbreviation X (_Extra_, i.e. _extra
Decretum_).

"Quinque compilationes."

Bernard of Pavia, "Breviarium."

"Compilatio tertia."

"Secunda."

"Quarta."

"Quinta."

There were numerous collections of this kind towards the end of the 12th
and at the beginning of the 13th century. Passing over the first
_Additiones_ to the _Decretum_ and the _Appendix concilii Lateranensis_
(council of 1179), we will speak only of the _Quinque compilationes_,[26]
which served as a basis for the works of Raymond of Pennaforte. The first
and most important is the work of Bernard, provost and afterwards bishop
of Pavia, namely, the _Breviarium extravagantium_, compiled about 1190;
it included the decretals from Alexander III. to Clement III., together
with certain "useful chapters" omitted by Gratian. The important feature
of the book is the arrangement of the decretals or sections of decretals
in five books, divided into titles (_tituli_) logically arranged. The
five books treat of (1) ecclesiastical persons and dignitaries or judges;
(2) procedure; (3) rights, duties and property of the clergy, i.e.
benefices, dues, sacraments, &c., with the exception of marriage, which
is the subject of book (4); (5) of penalties. There is a well-known
hexameter summing up this division:

_Judex, judicium, clerus, connubia, crimen._

This is the division adopted in all the official col