corrected and re-edited, like the others, by
the _Correctores romani_. They are cited, like the decretals, with a
further indication of the collection to which they belong: _Extrav. Jo.
XXII._, or _inter-comm-(unes)._

The "Corpus juris canonici."

Thus was closed, as the canonists say, the _Corpus juris canonici_; but
this expression, which is familiar to us nowadays, is only a
bibliographical term. Though we find in the 15th century, for example,
at the council of Basel the expression _corpus juris_, obviously
suggested by the _Corpus juris civilis_, not even the official edition
of Gregory XIII. has as its title the words _Corpus juris canonici_. and
we do not meet with this title till the Lyons edition of 1671.

The study of canon law.

The glosses.

The "Summae."

The history of the canonical collections forming the _Corpus juris_
would not be complete without an account of the labours of which they
were the object. We know that the universities of the middle ages
contained a Faculty of Decrees, with or without a Faculty of Laws, i.e.
civil law. The former made _doctores decretorum_, the latter _doctores
legum_. The teaching of the _magistri_ consisted in oral lessons
(_lecturae_) directly based on the text. The short remarks explanatory
of words in the text, originally written in the margin, became the gloss
which, formed thus by successive additions, took a permanent form and
was reproduced in the manuscripts of the _Corpus_, and later in the
various editions, especially in the official Roman edition of 1582; it
thus acquired by usage a kind of semi-official authority. The chief of
the _glossatores_ of the _Decretum_ of Gratian were Paucapalea, the
first disciple of the master, Rufinus (1160-1170), John of Faenza (about
1170), Joannes Teutonicus (about 1210), whose glossary, revised and
completed by Bartholomeus Brixensis (of Brescia) became the _glossa
ordinaria decreti_. For the decretals we may mention Vincent the
Spaniard and Bernard of Botone (Bernardus Parmensis, d. 1263), author of
the _Glossa ordinaria_. That on the _Liber Sextus_ is due to the famous
Joannes Andreae (c. 1340); and the one which he began for the
Clementines was finished later by Cardinal Zabarella (d. 1417). The
commentaries not so entirely concerned with the text were called
_Apparatus_; and _Summae_ was the name given to general treatises. The
first of these works are of capital importance in the formation of a
syst