entirely to the United States. The exports of
lumber are about equally divided between the two. Formerly, the logs
were shipped as square timber, but now almost always in the form of
deals, planks or laths; such square timber as is still shipped goes
almost entirely to Great Britain. Wood pulp for the manufacture of paper
is exported chiefly to the United States. To that country fresh fish is
sent in large quantities, and there is an important trade in canned
salmon between British Columbia and Great Britain. Few of the
manufacturers do more than compete with the foreigner for an increasing
share of the home market. In this they have won increased success, at
least five-sixths of the manufactured goods used being produced within
the country, but a desire for further protection is loudly expressed.
Though the chief foreign commerce is with Great Britain and the United
States, the Dominion has trade relations with all the chief countries of
the world and maintains commercial agents among them. Her total foreign
trade (import and export) was in 1906 over L100,000,000.

_Shipping_.--The chief seaports from east to west are Halifax, N.S.,
Sydney, N.S., St John, N.B., Quebec and Montreal on the Atlantic; and
Vancouver, Esquimalt and Victoria, B.C., on the Pacific. Halifax is the
ocean terminus of the Intercolonial railway; St John, Halifax and
Vancouver of the Canadian Pacific railway. Prince Rupert, the western
terminus of the Grand Trunk Pacific railway, was in 1906 only an
uninhabited harbour, but was being rapidly developed into a flourishing
city. Though Halifax and St John are open in winter, much of the winter
trade eastwards is done through American harbours, especially Portland,
Maine, owing to the shorter railway journey. Esquimalt, Halifax,
Kingston (Ont.) and Quebec have well-equipped graving-docks. The coast,
both of the ocean and of the Great Lakes, is well lighted and protected.
The decay of the wooden shipbuilding industry has lessened the
comparative importance of the mercantile marine, but there has been a
great increase in the tonnage employed in the coasting trade and upon
inland waters. Numerous steamship lines ply between Canada and Great
Britain; direct communication exists with France, and the steamers of
the Canadian Pacific railway run regularly to Japan and to Australia.

_Internal Communications_.--Her splendid lakes and rivers, the
development of her canal system, and the growth of railways have m