t. The fortified
harbours of Halifax (N.S.) and Esquimalt (B.C.) were till 1905
maintained and garrisoned by the imperial government, but have since
been taken over by Canada. This has entailed the increase of the
permanent force to about 5000 men. Previously, it had numbered about
1000 (artillery, dragoons, infantry) quartered in various schools,
chiefly to aid in the training of the militia. In this all able-bodied
citizens between the ages of 18 and 60 are nominally enrolled, but the
active militia consists of about 45,000 men of all ranks, in a varying
state of efficiency. These cannot be compelled to serve outside the
Dominion, though special corps may be enlisted for this purpose, as was
done during the war in South Africa (1899-1902). At Quebec is a Dominion
arsenal, rifle and ammunition factories. Cadet corps flourish in most of
the city schools. At Kingston (Ont.) is the Royal Military College, to
the successful graduates of which a certain number of commissions in the
British service is annually awarded.

_Justice and Crime_.--Justice is well administered throughout the
country, and even in the remotest mining camps there has been little of
the lawlessness seen in similar districts of Australia and the United
States. For this great credit is due to the "North-west mounted police,"
the "Riders of the Plains," a highly efficient body of about seven
hundred men, under the control of the federal government. Judges are
appointed for life by the Dominion parliament, and cannot be removed
save by impeachment before that body, an elaborate process never
attempted since federation, though more than once threatened. From the
decisions of the supreme court of Canada appeal may be made to the
judicial committee of the imperial privy council.

AUTHORITIES.--The Canadian Geological Survey has published (Ottawa,
since 1845) a series of reports covering a great number of subjects.
Several provinces have bureaus or departments of mines, also issuing
reports. The various departments of the federal and the provincial
governments publish annual reports and frequent special reports, such
as the decennial report on the census, from which a vast quantity of
information may be obtained. Most of this is summed up in the annual
_Statistical Year Book of Canada_ and in the _Official Handbook of the
Dominion of Canada_, issued at frequent intervals by the Department of
the Interior. See also J.W. White (the Dominion