geographer), _Atlas of
Canada_ (1906); J. Castell Hopkins, _Canada: an Encyclopaedia_ (6
vols., 1898-1900); _The Canadian Annual Review_ (yearly since 1902),
replacing H.J. Morgan's _Canadian Annual Register_ (1878-1886); Sir
J.W. Dawson, _Handbook of Canadian Geology_ (1889); George Johnson,
_Alphabet of First Things in Canada_ (3rd ed., 1898); A.G. Bradley,
_Canada in the Twentieth Century_ (1903); _Transactions of the Royal
Society of Canada_ (yearly since 1883); R.C. Breckenridge, _The
Canadian Banking System_ (1895); A. Shortt, _History of Canadian
Banking_ (1902-1906); Sir S. Fleming, _The Intercolonial_ (1876); John
Davidson, "Financial Relations of Canada and the Provinces" (_Economic
Journal_, June 1905); _Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada,
passim_, for valuable papers by H.M. Ami, A.P. Coleman, G.M. Dawson,
W.F. Ganong, B.J. Harrington and others; also articles in _Canadian
Economics_ and in the _Handbook of Canada_, published on the occasion
of visits of the British Association. (W. L. G.)

AGRICULTURE

Canada is pre-eminently an agricultural country. Of the total population
(estimated in 1907 at 6,440,000) over 50% are directly engaged in
practical agriculture. In addition large numbers are engaged in
industries arising out of agriculture; among these are manufacturers of
agricultural implements, millers of flour and oatmeal, curers and
packers of meat, makers of cheese and butter, and persons occupied in
the transportation and commerce of grain, hay, live stock, meats,
butter, cheese, milk, eggs, fruit and various other products. The
country is splendidly formed for the production of food. Across the
continent there is a zone about 3500 m. long and as wide as or wider
than France, with (over a large part of this area) a climate adapted to
the production of foods of superior quality. Since the opening of the
20th century, great progress has been made in the settlement and
agricultural development of the western territories between the
provinces of Manitoba and British Columbia. The three "North-West
Provinces" (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta) have a total area of
369,869,898 acres, of which 12,853,120 acres are water. In 1906 their
population was 808,863, nearly double what it was in 1901. The land in
this vast area varies in virginal fertility, but the best soils are very
rich in the constituents of plant food. Chemical analyses made by Mr
F.T. Shutt have pro