ey would
also; but Pompey prevaricated, and the compromise came to nothing. Both
generals distrusted each other, and both were disloyal to the State. The
Senate then appointed a successor to Caesar in Gaul, ordered a general levy
of troops throughout Italy, and voted money and men to Pompey. Caesar had
already crossed the Rubicon, which was high treason, before his last
proposal to compromise, and he was on his way to Rome. No one resisted
him, for the people had but little interest in the success of either
party. Pompey, exaggerating his popularity, thought he had only to stamp
the ground, and an army would appear, and when he discovered that his
rival was advancing on the Flaminican way, fled hastily from Rome with
most of the senators, and went to Brundusium. Caesar did not at once seize
the capital, but followed Pompey, and so vigorously attacked him, that he
quit the town and crossed over to Illyricum. Caesar had no troops to pursue
him, and therefore retraced his steps, and entered Rome, after an absence
of ten years, at the head of a victorious army, undisputed master of
Italy.

(M1013) But Pompey still controlled his proconsular province of Spain,
where seven legions were under his lieutenants, and Africa also was
occupied by his party. Caesar, after arranging the affairs of Italy,
marched through Gaul into Spain to fight the generals of Pompey. That
campaign was ended in forty days, and he became master of Spain. While in
Spain he was elected to his second consulship, and also made dictator. He
returned to Rome as rapidly as he had marched into Spain, and enacted some
wholesome laws, among others that by which the inhabitants of Cisalpine
Gaul, the northern part of Italy, obtained citizenship. After settling the
general affairs of Italy, he laid down the dictatorship, and went, to
Brundusium, and collected his forces from various parts for a decisive
conflict with Pompey, who had remained, meanwhile, in Macedonia,
organizing his army. He collected nine legions, with auxiliary forces,
while his fleet commanded the sea. He also secured vast magazines of corn
in Thessaly, Asia, Egypt, Crete, and Cyrene.

(M1014) Caesar was able to cross the sea with scarcely more than fifteen
thousand men, on account of the insufficiency of his fleet, and he was
thrown upon a hostile shore, cut off from supplies, and in presence of a
vastly superior force. But his troops were veterans, and his cause was
strengthened by the captur