n house, and were the heirs of the great Caesar.

(M1048) When the government was organized, Augustus left the care of his
capital to Maecenas, his minister of civil affairs and departed for Gaul,
to restore order in that province, and build a series of fortifications to
the Danube, to check the encroachments of barbarians. The region between
the Danube and the Alps was peopled by various tribes, of different names,
who gave perpetual trouble to the Romans; but they were now apparently
subdued, and the waves of barbaric conquest were stayed for three hundred
years. Vindelicea and Rhaetia were added to the empire, in a single
campaign, by Tiberius and Drusus, the sons of Livia--the emperor's beloved
wife. Agrippa returned shortly after from a successful war in the East,
but sickened and died B.C. 12. By his death Julia was again a widow, and
was given in marriage to Tiberius, whom Augustus afterward adopted as his
successor. Drusus, his brother, remained in Gaul, to complete the
subjugation of the Celtic tribes, and to check the incursions of the
Germans, who, from that time, were the most formidable enemies of Rome.

(M1049) What interest is attached to those Teutonic races who ultimately
became the conquerors of the empire! They were more warlike, persevering,
and hardy, than the Celts, who had been incorporated with the empire.
Tacitus has painted their simple manners, their passionate love of
independence, and their religious tendency of mind. They occupied those
vast plains and forests which lay between the Rhine, the Danube, the
Vistula, and the German Ocean. Under different names they invaded the
Roman world--the Suevi, the Franks, the Alemanni, the Burgundians, the
Lombards, the Goths, the Vandals; but had not, at the time of Augustus,
made those vast combinations which threatened immediate danger. They were
a pastoral people, with blue eyes, ruddy hair, and large stature, trained
to cold, to heat, to exposure, and to fatigue. Their strength lay in their
infantry, which was well armed, and their usual order of battle was in the
form of a wedge. They were accompanied even in war with their wives and
children, and their women had peculiar virtue and influence. They inspired
that reverence which never passed away from the Germanic nations,
producing in the Middle Ages the graces of chivalry. All these various
tribes had the same peculiarities, among which reverence was one of the
most marked. They were not idol worsh