commenced on the final defeat of his rivals,
B.C. 29. Two years later, he received the title of Augustus, by which he
is best known in history, although he was ordinarily called Caesar. That
proud name never lost its pre-eminence.

(M1046) The first part of the reign was memorable for the organization of
the State, and especially of the army; and also for the means he used to
consolidate his empire. Augustus had no son, and but one daughter,
although married three times. His first wife was Clodia, daughter of
Clodius; his second was Scribonia, sister-in-law of Sextus Pompey; and the
third was Livia Drusilla. The second wife was the mother of his daughter,
Julia. This daughter was married to M. Claudius Marcellus, son of
Marcellus and Octavia, the divorced wife of Antonius, and sister of
Octavius. M. Claudius Marcellus thus married his cousin, but died two
years afterward. It was to his honor that Augustus built the theatre of
Marcellus.

(M1047) On the death of Marcellus, Augustus married his daughter Julia to
Agrippa, his prime minister and principal lieutenant. The issue of this
marriage were three sons and two daughters. The sons died early. The
youngest daughter, Agrippina, married Germanicus, and was the mother of
the emperor Caligula. The marriage of Agrippina with Germanicus united the
lines of Julia and Livia, the two last wives of Augustus, for Germanicus
was the son of Drusus, the younger son of Livia by her first husband,
Tiberius Claudius Nero. The eldest son of Livia, by Tiberius Claudius
Nero, was the emperor Tiberius Nero, adopted by Augustus. Drusus married
Antonia, the daughter of Antonius the triumvir, and was the father, not
only of Germanicus, but of Claudius Drusus Caesar, the fifth emperor.
Another daughter of Antonius, also called Antonia, married L. Domitius
Ahenobardus, whose son married Agrippina, the mother of Nero. Thus the
descendants of Octavia and Antony became emperors, and were intertwined
with the lines of Julia and Livia. The four successors of Augustus were
all, in the male line, sprung from Livia's first husband, and all, except
Tiberius, traced their descent from the defeated triumvir. Only the first
six of the twelve Caesars had relationship with the Julian house.

I mention this genealogy to show the descent of the first six emperors
from Julia, the sister of Julius Caesar, and grandmother of Augustus.
Although the first six emperors were elected, they all belonged to the
Julia