ted with soldiers from the countries beyond Italy. Auxiliary
troops were equal to the legions, and all together numbered three hundred
and forty thousand--the standing army of the empire, stationed in the
different provinces. Naval armaments were also established in the
different seas and in great frontier rivers.

The revenue for this great force, and the general expenses of the
government, were derived from the public domains, from direct taxes, from
mines and quarries, from salt works, fisheries and forests, from customs
and excise, from the succession to property, from enfranchisement of
slaves.

(M1041) The monarchy instituted by Augustus, in all but the name, was a
political necessity. Pompey would have ruled as the instrument of the
aristocracy, but he would only have been _primus inter pares_; Caesar
recognized the people as the basis of sovereignty; Augustus based his
power on an organized military establishment, of which he was the
permanent head. All the soldiers swore personal fealty to him--all the
officers were appointed by him, directly or indirectly. But he paid
respect to ancient traditions, forms, and magistracies, especially to the
dignity of the Senate, and thus vested his military power, which was his
true power, under the forms of an aristocracy, which was the governing
power before the constitution was subverted.

It need scarcely be said that the great mass of the people were
indifferent to these political changes. The horrors of the Marian and
Sullan revolutions, the struggles of Caesar and Pompey, and the awful
massacres of the triumvirs had alarmed and disgusted all classes, and they
sought repose, security, and peace. Any government which would repress
anarchy was, to them, the best. They wished to be spared from executions
and confiscations. The great enfranchisement of foreign slaves, also,
degraded the people, and made them indifferent to the masters who should
rule over them. All races were mingled with Roman citizens. The spoliation
of estates in the civil wars cast a blight on agriculture, and the
population had declined from war and misery.

(M1042) Augustus, intrenched by military power, sought to revive not
merely patrician caste, but religious customs, which had declined. Temples
were erected, and the shrines of gods were restored. Marriage was
encouraged, and the morals of the people were regulated by sumptuary laws.
Severe penalties were enacted against celibacy, to which the p